🕒History - Cold War Flashcards
Cold: which ideologies dislike each other in the cold war
- Capitalists (NATO)
- Communists (USSR)
Cold: what does USSR stand for and what can it also be referred to as
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The soviet union
Cold: what does NATO stand for
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Cold: what was Operation Barbarossa
Hitlers betryal of Stalin when he invaded the soviet union, causing the USSR to join the allies.
Cold: what are 5 ways that the soviets and Americans competed with eachother
- spying
- propaganda
- arms race
- space race
- loans and aid
Cold: What are the 3 conferences called
- tehran (1943)
- yalta (1945)
- potsdam (1945)
Cold: what happened in terms of leaders between yalta and potsdam
Roosevelt died and was replaced by Truman who hated Stalin and Churchill was voted out and replaced by attlee
Cold: why was the Tehran conference held where it was
Because it was the capital of Iran that was close to the soviet union, they were being diplomatic
Cold: what were the disagreements in the Tehran conference
None :)
Cold: what were the main 3 agreements at the Tehran conference
- Britain and USA agreed to invade France to allay the pressure on the USSR
- after the defeat of Germany USSR would invade japan
- after war UN would be set up
Cold: what 2 agreements were made at Yalta
- Germany divided into 4 zones (english, french, USA and USSR)
- eastern Europe for USSR
Cold: what was the disagreement at Yalta
- Stalin wanted a “friendly” gov in Poland and Roosevelt did not
Cold: what were the 2 agreements made at Potsdam
- democracy in Germany after the war
- german reparations to allies (mostly to soviets, not in money, in equipment and such)
Cold: what were the 2 disagreements at Potsdam
- stalin wanted germany punished but truman wanted it as a barrier to soviet expansion
- get tough policy against soviets
Cold: what did Truman tell Stalin in a lunch break and how did it make Stalin feel
Truman told Stalin about the atomic bomb, this made Stalin feel betrayed as he was not told until now.
Cold: what is the alliance between UK, USSR and US after Hitlers betrayal (operation barberosa) 1941
The grand alliance
Cold: what did US and USSR diplomats send to their respective governments that increased tensions in 1946.
Telegrams were sent, one called the long telegram sent by George Kennan and the other was a telegram to Stalin sent by Novikov
Cold: explain the Truman doctrine
Truman made a speech in 1947 outlining that the USA would commit to interfering in Europe to stop the spread of Communism, this is an interventionist strategy
Cold: what is another name for the Truman doctrine
Containment
Cold: what was the Marshall plan (1947) and how did it come about
- general Marshall was sent to Europe to evaluate how it could be kept from falling under soviet control
- he recomended sending 12 billion dollars to Europe in aid
- this was effectively propoganda in the form of, look how rich i am if you join me you can be too
- in the 4 years of its operation 17 billion was sent to Europe
Cold: what is cominform (1947)
- it was the Communist information bureau
- its aim was to tighten soviet control on Eastern Europe
- published its own communist newspaper to spread communist ideas
- it had limited effectiveness as demonstrated when Yugoslavia left in 1948
- counterpart to Truman doctrine
Cold: what was Comecon (1949)
- it was the soviet response and counterpart to the Marshall plan
- it was the council of mutual European economic assistance.
- its aim was to administer its own financial aid plan, the molotov plan
- all the countries (I think that the aid was given to) were communist
Cold: how did the iron curtain metaphor come about
On a tour of America Churchill gave a speech where spoke of the iron curtain
Cold: why did Stalin believe he should decide what happened to the Eastern European counties
Becaus the Soviets suffered a lot during the Second World War to liberate these countries
Cold: what was the political situation like in Yugoslavia after the Second World War
It had an elected communist leader who did not have good relations with Stalin
Cold: what was the political situation like in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War
Communism was already popular in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War and had control of the police and the army, in 1948 with the help of the Soviets the army was used to seize control of the country, the rigged elections bought a communist victory
Cold: what was the political situation like in Hungary after the Second World War
Communists got control of the army during an economic crisis, in 1947 elections communists took control of the government
Cold: what was the molotov plan
It was financial aid given to communist countries akin to the Marshall plan
Cold: what were the 2 telegrams called
- the long telegram
- Novikovs telegram
Cold: what was the contents of the 2 telegrams like
They were sent by the American and soviet ambassadors and were called the ling telegram and the Novikov telegram. They were very critical of the other government
Cold: when were the 2 telegrams sent
1946
Cold: what were the order for the 3 conferences
Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
Cold: after 1945 what happened to the soviet atomic research scientists
Their pay tripled
Cold: what happened to the zones in germany after the war
- bizonia, British and us zones merge to form bizonia
- after this France merges with bizonia to form trizonia
- this merging also happens in berlin
Cold: when did trizonia get its own currency
June 1948, it was given the Deutschmark for economic unity
Cold: who wanted German to be a strong economy and who wanted it to be weak, why
America wanted Germany to be strong, Stalin wanted Germany to be weak, this was because he hated Germany, and the Americans wanted it to be a barrier against soviet expansion.
Cold: what was operation Santa clause
It was mission during the Berlin blockade where 10,000 presents were dropped on Berlin were dropped for Christmas to Berlin chldren
Cold: when did Stalin block western Berlin and what was his excuse
He said that the Americans were intruding on soviet affairs and blockades western Berlin on the 24th of june 1948
Cold what is it called when the Americans send supplies into west Berlin via air
It is called operation vittles at first and also the Berlin airlift
Cold: what was the outcome of the Berlin blockade
It lead to the Americans airlifting supplies and sitting it out, the soviets were embarrassed and also it leads to germant formally splitting into 2 countries
Cold: what was the official name of east germany
East German democratic republic
Cold: what was the formal name of west germany
West federal republic of germany
Cold: what is does NATO mean and when was it created
It means north Atlantic treaty organization and was created in April 1949
Cold: how many original members of NATO were there and why was NATO really created
- 12 original members
- NATO was created to stop the spread of communisim
Cold: what was the soviet counterpart to nato
The Warsaw pact
Cold: who was Klaus fuchs
- he helped the us to create their first atomic bomb
- gave over some nuclear secrets to the soviets
- was sentenced to 14 years in prison
Cold: why was the arms race important
- increased tensions (like most other things we study)
- changes the nature of warfare
- causes lots of spending
Cold: when did the USSR launch sputnik
1957
Cold: what is it called when an independent country is controlled by another country
A satellite state
Cold: when was the warsaw pact set up
1955
Cold: when does kruzchev become the leader
1953
Cold: how many people fled from east to west Germany in the years 49-61
4 million
Cold: what was the Berlin ultimatum
Kruzchev said in 1958 to America that they should pull out of Berlin or that there would be war
Cold: when and why was the Paris summit cancelled
1960, 9 days before the summit where Eisenhower and kruzchev were supposed to meet, a U-2 spy plane was shot down, Eisenhower would stop the flights but would not apologise.
Cold: what happened at the Vienna summit and when
1961, Eisenhower was replaced by Kennedy and kruzchev got the impression that he could be pushed around, kruzchev again demanded that us forces leave Berlin and Kennedy refused, he then increased military spending
Cold: what happened when kruzchev decided to erect the Berlin wall
- kruzchev closed the border in 1961
- then barbed wire fences, mines and then the wall began to be erected
- eventually a stronger 3 meter high wall was put in place
cold: what were the consequences of de-stalinisation
It led to the hungary crises, when they had a revolution and temporarily swayed the soviet control.
Cold: what happended during the hungary crisis
- after Nagy was the leader of Hungary there was another called rakosi he was a very strict and forceful leader.
- due to the de-Stalinization speech and Poland having a revolt, the Hungarians followed in this vein.
- there was a riot in the capital, the soviet army (temporarily) retreated and Nagy was re-appointed as the leader (1956)
- Nagy suggests that Hungary should end the one party state and that they should leave the Warsaw pact, this cannot be allowed and so the soviets re-advance
- Nagy is killeded and hard line communism is re-instaleld
Cold: how many people died when the soviets re-invaded hungary
2500
Cold: what was operation mongoose
It was secret operations by American that attempted to remove Castro
Cold: what did the Novikov telegram say America wanted to do and what confirmed helped to re-enforce this view in developing countries
- America wanted to take over the world
- the bay of prig invasion of Cuba (I think, Adi check)
Cold: why was the Berlin Wall important
- decreased tensions, less people leaving the east for the west
- revealed people don’t like communism to the world
Cold: what is the importance of the grand alliance
- it caused the Cold War because it failed
- revealed the USA and ussr had opposing ideas
Cold: how do you answer the consequence (4 mark) exam question
- one consequence of … (explain what the thing was e.g. the Cuban missile crises was the soviet missiles entering Cuba) was…
- give a fact
- this meant that (explain how it (the fact) lead to the consequence)
Cold: what are 3 consequences of the Cuban missile crisis
- the hotline being set up, a direct phone line between us and ussr
- decreased tensions due to the fact that they came so close to war
- kruschev was sacked due to the fact that us withdrawal of arms in Cuba was secret
Cold: what was a consequence of the telegrams
Increases tensions - everyone annoyed at eachother
Cold: what is a consequence of the Berlin blockade and airlift
NATO was set up
Cold: what was a consequence of the Hungarian uprising
Other satellite states were warned not to go against the USSR
