🕒History - Cold War Flashcards
1
Q
Cold: which ideologies dislike each other in the cold war
A
- Capitalists (NATO)
- Communists (USSR)
2
Q
Cold: what does USSR stand for and what can it also be referred to as
A
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The soviet union
3
Q
Cold: what does NATO stand for
A
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
4
Q
Cold: what was Operation Barbarossa
A
Hitlers betryal of Stalin when he invaded the soviet union, causing the USSR to join the allies.
5
Q
Cold: what are 5 ways that the soviets and Americans competed with eachother
A
- spying
- propaganda
- arms race
- space race
- loans and aid
6
Q
Cold: What are the 3 conferences called and dates
A
- tehran (1943)
- yalta (1945)
- potsdam (1945)
7
Q
Cold: what happened in terms of leaders between yalta and potsdam
A
Roosevelt died and was replaced by Truman who hated Stalin and Churchill was voted out and replaced by attlee
8
Q
Cold: why was the Tehran conference held where it was
A
Because it was the capital of Iran that was close to the soviet union, they were being diplomatic
9
Q
Cold: what were the disagreements in the Tehran conference
A
None :)
10
Q
Cold: what were the main 3 agreements at the Tehran conference
A
- Britain and USA agreed to invade France to allay the pressure on the USSR
- after the defeat of Germany USSR would invade japan
- after war UN would be set up
11
Q
Cold: what 2 agreements were made at Yalta
A
- Germany divided into 4 zones (english, french, USA and USSR)
- sphere of influence in eastern Europe for USSR
12
Q
Cold: what was the disagreement at Yalta
A
- Stalin wanted a “friendly” gov in Poland and Roosevelt did not
13
Q
Cold: what were the 2 agreements made at Potsdam
A
- democracy in Germany after the war
- german reparations to allies (mostly to soviets, not in money, in equipment and such)
14
Q
Cold: what were the 2 disagreements at Potsdam
A
- stalin wanted germany punished but truman wanted it as a barrier to soviet expansion
- get tough policy against soviets
15
Q
Cold: what did Truman tell Stalin in a lunch break and how did it make Stalin feel
A
Truman told Stalin about the atomic bomb, this made Stalin feel betrayed as he was not told until now.
16
Q
Cold: What is the alliance called between the UK, USSR and US after Hitler’s betrayal (Operation Barbarossa) 1941?
A
The grand alliance
17
Q
Cold: what did US and USSR diplomats send to their respective governments that increased tensions in 1946.
A
Telegrams were sent, one called the long telegram sent by George Kennan and the other was a telegram to Stalin sent by Novikov
18
Q
Cold: explain the Truman doctrine
A
Truman made a speech in 1947 outlining that the USA would commit to interfering in Europe to stop the spread of Communism, this is an interventionist strategy
19
Q
Cold: what is another name for the Truman doctrine
A
Containment
20
Q
Cold: what was the Marshall plan (1947) and how did it come about
A
- general Marshall was sent to Europe to evaluate how it could be kept from falling under soviet control
- he recomended sending 12 billion dollars to Europe in aid
- this was effectively propoganda in the form of, look how rich i am if you join me you can be too
- in the 4 years of its operation 17 billion was sent to Europe
21
Q
Cold: what is cominform (1947)
A
- it was the Communist information bureau
- its aim was to tighten soviet control on Eastern Europe
- published its own communist newspaper to spread communist ideas
- it had limited effectiveness as demonstrated when Yugoslavia left in 1948
- counterpart to Truman doctrine
22
Q
Cold: what was Comecon (1949)
A
- it was the soviet response and counterpart to the Marshall plan
- it was the council of mutual European economic assistance.
- its aim was to administer its own financial aid plan, the molotov plan
- all the countries (I think that the aid was given to) were communist
23
Q
Cold: how did the iron curtain metaphor come about
A
On a tour of America Churchill gave a speech where spoke of the iron curtain
24
Q
Cold: why did Stalin believe he should decide what happened to the Eastern European counties
A
Becaus the Soviets suffered a lot during the Second World War to liberate these countries
25
Cold: what was the political situation like in **Yugoslavia** after the Second World War
It had an elected communist leader who did not have good relations with Stalin
26
Cold: what was the political situation like in **Czechoslovakia** after the Second World War
Communism was already popular in Czechoslovakia after the Second World War and had control of the police and the army, in 1948 with the help of the Soviets the army was used to seize control of the country, the rigged elections bought a communist victory
27
Cold: what was the political situation like in **Hungary** after the Second World War
Communists got control of the army during an economic crisis, in 1947 elections communists took control of the government
28
Cold: what was the **molotov plan**
It was financial aid given to communist countries akin to the *Marshall plan*
29
Cold: what were the 2 telegrams called
- the long telegram
- Novikovs telegram
30
Cold: what was the contents of the 2 telegrams like
They were sent by the American and soviet ambassadors and were called the ling telegram and the Novikov telegram. They were very critical of the other government
31
Cold: when were the 2 telegrams sent
1946
32
Cold: what were the order for the 3 conferences
Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
33
Cold: after 1945 what happened to the soviet atomic research scientists
Their pay tripled
34
Cold: what happened to the zones in germany after the war
- bizonia, British and us zones merge to form bizonia
- after this France merges with bizonia to form trizonia
- this merging also happens in berlin
35
Cold: when did trizonia get its own currency
June 1948, it was given the Deutschmark for economic unity
36
Cold: who wanted German to be a strong economy and who wanted it to be weak, why
America wanted Germany to be strong, Stalin wanted Germany to be weak, this was because he hated Germany, and the Americans wanted it to be a barrier against soviet expansion.
37
Cold: what was operation Santa clause
It was mission during the Berlin blockade where 10,000 presents were dropped on Berlin were dropped for Christmas to Berlin chldren
38
Cold: when did Stalin block western Berlin and what was his excuse
He said that the Americans were intruding on soviet affairs and blockades western Berlin on the 24th of june 1948
39
Cold: what is it called when the Americans send supplies into west Berlin via air
It is called operation vittles at first and also the Berlin airlift
40
Cold: what was the outcome of the Berlin blockade
It lead to the Americans airlifting supplies and sitting it out, the soviets were embarrassed and also it leads to germant formally splitting into 2 countries
41
Cold: what was the official name of east germany
East German democratic republic
42
Cold: what was the formal name of west germany
West federal republic of germany
43
Cold: what is does NATO mean and when was it created
It means north Atlantic treaty organization and was created in April **1949**
44
Cold: how many original members of NATO were there and why was NATO really created
- 12 original members
- NATO was created to stop the spread of communisim
45
Cold: what was the soviet counterpart to nato
The Warsaw pact
46
Cold: who was Klaus fuchs
- he helped the us to create their first atomic bomb
- gave over some nuclear secrets to the soviets
- was sentenced to 14 years in prison
47
Cold: why was the arms race important
- increased tensions (like most other things we study)
- changes the nature of warfare
- causes lots of spending
48
Cold: when did the USSR launch sputnik
1957
49
Cold: what is it called when an independent country is controlled by another country
A satellite state
50
Cold: when was the warsaw pact set up
1955
51
Cold: when does kruzchev become the leader
1953
52
Cold: how many people fled from east to west Germany in the years 49-61
4 million
53
Cold: what was the Berlin ultimatum
Kruzchev said in 1958 to America that they should pull out of Berlin or that there would be war
54
Cold: **when** and **why** was the Paris summit cancelled
1960, 9 days before the summit where Eisenhower and kruzchev were supposed to meet, a U-2 spy plane was shot down, Eisenhower would stop the flights but would not apologise.
55
Cold: **what** happened at the Vienna summit and **when**
1961, Eisenhower was replaced by Kennedy and kruzchev got the impression that he could be pushed around, kruzchev again demanded that us forces leave Berlin and Kennedy refused, he then increased military spending
56
Cold: what happened when kruzchev decided to erect the Berlin wall
- kruzchev closed the border in 1961
- then barbed wire fences, mines and then the wall began to be erected
- eventually a stronger 3 meter high wall was put in place
57
cold: what were the consequences of de-stalinisation
It led to the hungary crises, when they had a revolution and temporarily swayed the soviet control.
58
Cold: what happended during the hungary crisis
- after Nagy was the leader of Hungary there was another called rakosi he was a very strict and forceful leader.
- due to the de-Stalinization speech and Poland having a revolt, the Hungarians followed in this vein.
- there was a riot in the capital, the soviet army (temporarily) retreated and Nagy was re-appointed as the leader (1956)
- Nagy suggests that Hungary should end the one party state and that they should leave the Warsaw pact, this cannot be allowed and so the soviets re-advance
- Nagy is killeded and hard line communism is re-instaleld
59
Cold: how many people died when the soviets re-invaded hungary
2500
60
Cold: what was operation mongoose
It was secret operations by American that attempted to remove Castro
61
Cold: what did the Novikov telegram say America wanted to do and what confirmed helped to re-enforce this view in developing countries
- America wanted to take over the world
- the bay of pigs invasion in Cuba
62
Cold: why was the Berlin Wall important
- decreased tensions, less people leaving the east for the west
- revealed people don’t like communism to the world
63
Cold: what is the importance of the grand alliance
- it caused the Cold War because it failed
- revealed the USA and ussr had opposing ideas
64
Cold: how do you answer the **consequence** (4 mark) exam question
- one consequence of … (explain what the thing was e.g. the Cuban missile crises was the soviet missiles entering Cuba) was…
- give a fact
- this meant that (explain how it (the fact) lead to the consequence)
65
Cold: what are 3 consequences of the Cuban missile crisis
- **the hotline** being set up, a direct phone line between us and ussr
- decreased tensions due to the fact that they came so close to war
- **kruschev was sacked** due to the fact that us withdrawal of arms in Cuba was secret
66
Cold: what was a consequence of the telegrams
Increases tensions - everyone annoyed at eachother
67
Cold: what is a consequence of the Berlin blockade and airlift
NATO was set up
68
Cold: what was a consequence of the Hungarian uprising
Other satellite states were warned not to go against the USSR
69
Cold: What does SALT stand for?
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
70
Cold: what and how did SALT 1 do?
Slowed the arms race by:
- each side was only allowed 2 Anti-ballistic missile sites
- not limit the number of bombs each side had
71
Cold: was SALT1 successful?
Yes
72
Cold: was SALT 2 successful? Why/why not?
No, the treaty was not ratified because the soviets invaded Afghanistan
73
Cold: What did SALT 2 attempt to do?
Put restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers
74
Cold: when was the long telegram
1946
75
Cold: what is the monroe doctrine
Cuba was part of Americas sphere of influence
76
Cold: how close is Cuba to america
90 miles
77
Cold: what happened in Cuba before the planning for the bay of pigs invasion
- the Cuban revolution happened, Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro
- Khrushchev sent weapons to Castro and senior soviet diplomats to cub Nd also openly promised to send military assistance to Cuba
- the USA broke of diplomatic relations with cuba
78
Cold: what happened during the planning of the bay of pigs
- new president Kennedy accepted the scheme to welcome cuban exiles from Castro's Cuba and train them in preparation for an invasion
- they were trained by the CIA, this cost about 45 million dollars
- the excites named themselves la bregada 2506, at completion of their training there were about 1500 of them
- some of the exiles were overheard discussing the invasion in Miami and this got back to Castro
79
Cold: what happened during the invasion of the bay of pigs
- us planes bombed part of the Cuban air force but the second invasion was called off, the Cuban air force regrouped and fought the next day
- la bregada 2506 land at Bahia de cochinos, bay of pigs, and encountered forces of 20000 men, Castro's forces were superior in all respects
- The fighting ended, about 100 of la bregada were killed and 1100 imprisoned in cuba
- la bregada prisoners were released after 53 million worth of food and medicines were given to Cuba by the usa
80
Cold: what were the trained exiles called the took part in the bay of pigs invasion
La bregada 2506
81
Cold: how many people were in la bregada 2506
1500
82
Cold: how much did it cost to train la bregada
45 million
83
Cold: how many of la bregada were killed and how many imprisoned
- 1100 imprisoned
- 100 killed
84
Cold: what were the consequences of the bay of pigs invasion for America and kennedy
- humiliation or kennedy, he was determined to resist the growth of communism in the Americas
- USA begins operation mongoose - covert operations to remove castro
- developing countries saw the US as an imperialist nation, a country who were trying to take over other countries
85
Cold: what were the consequences of the bay of pigs invasion for the soviets
- by the end of 1961 there were soviets military advisers and combat units stationed on the island of cuba, the US had missile bases in Italy and turkey and the soviets saw this as a threat and wanted soviet bases on Cuba
- Kruzchev continued to send military aid to Cuba through 1962, they installed ballistic missiles in late 1962
86
Cold: what were the consequences of the bay of pigs invasion for cuba
- Castro pushed further towards the USSR, at the end of 1961 Castro announced his conversation to communism and the closeness of the relationship with the USSR
- Castro's position strengthened in Cuba as the threat from the USA united the Cuban people
87
Cold: what happened after the bay of pigs invasion in cuba
The Cuban missile crisis
88
Cold: what happened during the Cuban missile crisis
- Kennedy announces a naval blockade of Cuba, b52 bombers were deployed so that 1/8 of them were airborne at all times
- we russian ships head for cuba
- one soviet oil tanker is allowed through and the other ships turn back
- on **Friday the 26th of October** Kennedy considers an invasion for cuba
- Khrushchev offered to dismantle the sites if kennedy lifts the blockade and promises not to invade Cuba
- a U2 spy lane is shot down, and it looks like war
- Kennedy says that Kruzchev dismantles the missile bases, the US will not invade, will liket the blockade and dismantle the bases in turkey **as long as that is kept a secret**
- Kruzchev agrees and the crisis is over
89
Cold: what is caused, in the soviet leadership, by the Cuban missile crisis
Kruzhchev id sacked
90
Cold: what are 6 consequences of the cuban missile cisisis
- 1963, hotline set up
- limited test ban treaty
- France left NATO in 1966 because it was horrified at the prospect of having to support the US in a nuclear war
- outer space treaty
- nuclear non-proliferation treaty
- Kruzchev sacked
91
Cold: what is the limited test ban treaty
It is an agreement between the US and USSR in 1963 to ban the testing of all nuclear weapons in space, sea and above ground, underground tests were still allowed
92
Cold: what was the outer space treaty
In 1967, US USSR and other nations such as Britain agreed not to use space as a place for nuclear weapons and to use it peacfully
93
Cold: what is the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
1968, it was designed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, the countries agreed not to develop more nuclear weapons
94
Cold: how did the Czechoslovakian uprising happen
- 1968, Navotny was slow to introduce de salinisation
- brezhnev sees people do not like Navotny and replaces him with Dubcek
- he introduces reformes such as free speech, no censorship in the press and multi party state
- Czechoslovakia was invaded by many communist countries such as the soviet union and east germany
- Czech army did not fight back but ppl did, they did things like tearing down street signs to confuse the invaders
- leaders were arreted
95
Cold: what did the Czech uprising lead to
The brezhnev doctrine
96
Cold: what was the brezhnev doctrine
- the USSR would invade any country in eastern Europe that tried to move away from communism
- all communist countries will stay a part of the Warsaw pact
- if capitalists threatened a communist country all communist nations would be forced to stop it
97
Cold: what was detent
It is a french word referring to the relaxation in tensions between the US and USSR that lasted for much of the 1970s
98
Cold: why did America want peace
- they wanted markets for their goods (to trade with communists)
- riots about Vietnam in America
- containment (the Truman doctrine) is expensice
99
Cold: why did the USSR want peace
Because they wanted to buy and gain tech
100
Cold: what are 5 things that showed that tensions were declining between he cold war superpowers during detent
- the Vietnam war
- SALT 1
- handshake in space
- helsinki accords
- SALT II (2)
101
Cold: what happened during the Vietnam war, and why did it show that the superpowers wanted better reations
The USA sent troops to Vietnam in 1965 to remove communist control of the country, it cost billions of dollars. When Nixon became the president in 1968 he wanted to take America out of the war. Better reactions with the communists would help with the negotiations with the Vietnamese communists, brezhnev helped ot negotiate a peace agreement in 1973
102
Cold: what was SALT 1
It is the strategic arms limitations treaty, a negotiation between the US and USSR to slow the arms race, some agreements included:
- anti ballistic missile treaty systems were allowed at only 2 sites, each containing 100 missiles
- it did not limit the amount of bombs that each side could have
103
Cold: what was the handshake in space
In 1975 American and soviet astronauts met and symbolically shook hands in space
104
Cold: what were the Helsinki accords
1975, the Helsinki agreement was signed between 35 countries including the US and USSR. They signed up to recognise European borders established after WW2 and some basic human rights. Wester allies recognised soviet control over Eastern Europe, soviet union signed a basic human rights agreement.
105
Cold: what was SALT 2
It was a complex and highly technical agreement that was signed between president carter and brezhnev in 1979, it included restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers as well as a ban on testing or deploying new types of ICBM
106
Cold: what are some reasons both the US and USSR wanted peace
- 1967 outer space treaty, no nues in space
- USA and USSR did not like China
107
Cold: when did detent fail
1979
108
Cold: why did the second cold war begin
It began with the cater doctrine, the soviets invaded Afghanistan and America did not want to allow the soviets to keep control of Afghanistan.
109
Cold: what is the carter doctrine
It is where president carter said that he would do everything he could to help Afghanistan and other Eastern European countries
110
Cold: why did carter not like the soviets
Because he believed in human rights and the soviets were not very good/did not have avery good record of that
111
Cold: why did the soviets invade afganistan
After a communist leader (Amin) became the leader of Afghanistan, a group called the mujahideen (a muslin group) were going to fight a holy war against Amin. The soviets invaded to help Amin and did. The mujahideen used gorilla tactics, traps and bombs.
112
Cold: why/how did America help the mujahideen
America thought that they could not allow the soviets to keep control of afganistan because they had oilfields near Afghanistan, carter wanted to keep the oilfield safe, check, the carter doctrine allowed them to use force and so they did, supplying the mujahideen
113
Cold: how did the second cold war end
Regan in running for president had promised to be tough on the soviet union, he developed new weapons and announced the strategic defence initiative (star wars), standards of living in the USSR were declining and they were struggling to keep up with the US spending in the arms race. Gorbachev starter Glasnost and Perestroika, check if it is right
114
Cold: what is glasnost
- it means openness
- it allowed people to openly express new ideas that were different for the governments
- restored public trust in the communist leadership
115
Cold: what is Perestroika
- it means restructuring
- encouraging more foreign business
- allowing businesses, not the gov, to respond to customer demand
116
Cold: what was the SDI (star wars)
It was a plan by carter to put lasers in space to shoot down ballistic missiles
117
Cold: what are 6 reasons that the cold war ended
- gorbachev reforms
- collapse of the Warsaw pact
- attempted cup in 1991
- regan - adding more pressure to the USSR
- soviet economic weakness
- the ear in afganistan
118
Cold: how did the war in afganistan lead to the fall of the soviet union
It was criticised across the world and led to the death of 15000 soviet troops, the defeat made the USSR look weak, the expense of the war was very damaging for the soviet economy
119
Cold: how did the collapse of the Warsaw pact lead to the fall of the soviet union
Without their allies the soviets were severely weakened
120
Cold: how did the Berlin wall fall
The hungarian government opened the border with Austria, many east germans escaped to the west via Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Austrian with no opposition, on 4th Nov 1989 a million east germans attended a demonstration to demand democracy which led to the government announcing some freedoms to travel, 5 days later it was announced that the border would be opened and the wall fell, check
121
Cold: why was the fall of the Berlin wall importnat
Because it allowed people to cross the border and also because an important symbol of soviet defiance had fallen
122
Cold: how did the soviet union collapse
Hungary opened the border with Austria and Poland held free elections in 1989, then the Berlin wall fell in the same year, gorbachev and George w bush declare the cold war is over, the Warsaw pact is dissolved in 1991, there is the august coup and many soviet republics like Ukraine declare independence, on December 8 1991 the leaders of Russia and other countries declare that the soviet union no longer exists
123
Cold: when was the Warsaw pact dissolved
July 1991
124
Cold: what was the august coup
Seniou communist officials known as the gang of 8 organised a coup to attempt to remove gorbachev from power and they declared a state of emergency and attempted to roll back glasnost and Perestroika. Boris Yeltsin, the chair of the russian supreme soviet plays a crucial role in resisting the coup, he stands on a tank outside the russian parliament and calls for the people to resist the coup fails, gorbachev returns but is politically weakened and has less power
125
Cold: what was a consequence of star wars
One consequence of ‘Star Wars’ was the end of the Cold War. ‘Star Wars’ was the US’s attempt to mitigate damage from nuclear weapons and destroy them before they hit the USA. This led to Gorbachev believing that the USSR could not win the arms race, so he began the implementation of his ‘new thinking’ and began to back down. This is shown when he implements glasnost, being open and non secret
126
Cold: exam tech
