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Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bio: what is selective breeding

A

2 animals with desired characteristics are selected and breaded. Repeat over generations.

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2
Q

bio: name 3 reasons that organisms need energy

A
  • homeostasis
  • contraction
  • growth
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3
Q

Bio: what tissue differentiates in plants

A

Meristem

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4
Q

Bio: what is a gene

A

It is a short segment of DnA that encodes for one protein

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5
Q

Bio: what do 3 bace pairs encode for

A

One amino acid

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6
Q

Bio: what is a phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism due to its genotype

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7
Q

Bio: what is a genotype

A

The combination of alleles that a person has for a particular trait (AA, Gg, cc)

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8
Q

Bio: what is polydactyl, dominant or recessive?

A

More fingers or toes, dominant (PP, Pp)

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9
Q

Bio: what is cystic fibrosis, dominant or recessive?

A

It’s inherited disorder of cell membranes that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system they can become clogged with lots of thick, sticky mucus as too much is produced, recessive (ff)

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10
Q

Bio what are the sex chromosomes for a male

A

XY

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11
Q

Bio: what are the chromosomes for a female

A

XX

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12
Q

Bio: what is meristem

A

Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division

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13
Q

Bio: what are the villi

A

finger-like projections that increase the surface area over which molecules are absorbed in the small intestine or the uterus

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14
Q

Bio: what is cvs

A

Chronic villus sampling
- taking a sample of placental tissue
- genetic screening
- 2%

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15
Q

Bio: what types of screening are used during in pregnancy

A
  • family history
  • pre-screening-12m week nuchal fold thickness, this can indicate the presence of Down’s syndrome
  • afp blood test
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16
Q

bio: what is a chlorophyll deffeciency

A

chlorosis

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17
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

prophase

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18
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

anaphase

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19
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

telophase

20
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

metaphase

21
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

cytokinesis

22
Q

Bio: what are the properties of meiosis

A
  • 4 cells are produced
  • non-identical cells are produced
  • DNA is replicated once
  • cells have 23 chromosomes so gametes are produced
23
Q

Bio: what are the properties of mitosis

A
  • creates 2 identical cells
  • DNA is replicated once
  • there are the full 46 chromosomes in each cell
24
Q

Bio: what is a diploid cell

A

A cell with the full amount of chromosomes is humans 23 pairs so 46 chromasones

25
Q

Bio: what are gametes

A

They are sex cells, sperm and egg

26
Q

Bio: what is the name for the enzyme that removes a gene used in genetic engineering

A

Restrictive enzyme

27
Q

Bio: what enzyme is used to join 2 ends of DNA in genetic engineering

A

Ligaze

28
Q

Bio: what is a trophic level

A

It is a level of consumers

29
Q

Bio: where does the energy in a food chain come from

A

The sun

30
Q

Bio: what is a hormone

A

It is chemical released by a gland that is carried through the blood to a target organ and effect a responce

31
Q

Bio: where are hormones produced

A

Endocrine glands

32
Q

Bio: where is insulin produced

A

Pancreas

33
Q

Bio: biogas generators

A

They are an industrial device that completes anaerobic decomposition to produce methane that is in biogas

34
Q

Bio: what are decomposers

A
  • insects
  • fungi
  • bacteria
  • larvae
35
Q

Bio: what does decomposition do

A

It returns nutrients to the environment and turns large organic compounds into simple molecules

36
Q

Bio: how to bacteria and fungi digest

A

They excrete digestive enzymes onto the organic matter and then absorb the nutrients.

37
Q

Bio: how do fungi and bacteria digest organic matter

A

They excrete enzymes onto the matter and then absorb the nutrients (Saprophytic)

38
Q

Bio: what is a Saprophytic organisim

A

It is an organism that excretes enzymes onto its food and then absorbs the nutrients.

39
Q

Bio: what are the 3 factors that effect the rate of decomposition

A
  • temperature
  • water concentration
  • oxygen concentration
40
Q

Bio: what is anaerobic decay

A

This occurs when there is not enough oxygen present during decay and produces biogas which is mostly composed of methane, a good fuel

41
Q

Chem: what is biogas mostly composed of

A

Methane, a good fuel

42
Q

Bio: what is the carbon cycle

A
  • producers remove CO2 from the atmosphere by photosyntheses
  • animals eat theses plants and absorb carbon compounds
  • animals perform respiration which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
  • animals die and decomposers release carbon compounds into the atmosphere
  • also carbon can be released by the combustion of fossil fuels.
43
Q

Bio: why does too much water hinder the rate of decay

A

Oxygen cannot get to the Side of decomoposition

44
Q

Bio: rate of change equation for rate RP

A

Rate of change = change in indicator / time

45
Q

Bio: what is the amount of biomass transferred between trophic levels

A

5-10%

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