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GCSEs > Biology Paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bio: what is selective breeding

A

2 animals with desired characteristics are selected and breaded. Repeat over generations.

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2
Q

bio: name 3 reasons that organisms need energy

A
  • homeostasis
  • contraction
  • growth
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3
Q

Bio: what tissue differentiates in plants

A

Meristem

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4
Q

Bio: what is a gene

A

It is a short segment of DnA that encodes for one protein

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5
Q

Bio: what do 3 bace pairs encode for

A

One amino acid

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6
Q

Bio: what is a phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism due to its genotype

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7
Q

Bio: what is a genotype

A

The combination of alleles that a person has for a particular trait (AA, Gg, cc)

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8
Q

Bio: what is polydactyl, dominant or recessive?

A

More fingers or toes, dominant (PP, Pp)

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9
Q

Bio: what is cystic fibrosis, dominant or recessive?

A

It’s inherited disorder of cell membranes that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system they can become clogged with lots of thick, sticky mucus as too much is produced, recessive (ff)

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10
Q

Bio what are the sex chromosomes for a male

A

XY

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11
Q

Bio: what are the chromosomes for a female

A

XX

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12
Q

Bio: what is meristem

A

Meristems are regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division

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13
Q

Bio: what are the villi

A

finger-like projections that increase the surface area over which molecules are absorbed in the small intestine or the uterus

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14
Q

Bio: what is cvs

A

Chronic villus sampling:
- taking a sample of placental tissue
- genetic screening
- 2%

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15
Q

Bio: what types of screening are used during in pregnancy

A
  • family history
  • pre-screening-12m week nuchal fold thickness, this can indicate the presence of Down’s syndrome
  • afp blood test
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16
Q

bio: what is a chlorophyll deffeciency

A

chlorosis

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17
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

prophase

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18
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

anaphase

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19
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

telophase

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20
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

metaphase

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21
Q

bio: what stage of mitosis is happening here

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

Bio: what are the properties of meiosis

A
  • 4 cells are produced
  • non-identical cells are produced
  • DNA is replicated once
  • cells have 23 chromosomes so gametes are produced
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23
Q

Bio: what are the properties of mitosis

A
  • creates 2 identical cells
  • DNA is replicated once
  • there are the full 46 chromosomes in each cell
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24
Q

Bio: what is a diploid cell

A

A cell with the full amount of chromosomes is humans 23 pairs so 46 chromasones

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25
Q

Bio: what are gametes

A

They are sex cells, sperm and egg

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26
Q

Bio: what is the name for the enzyme that removes a gene used in genetic engineering

A

Restrictive enzyme

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27
Q

Bio: what enzyme is used to join 2 ends of DNA in genetic engineering

A

Ligaze

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28
Q

Bio: what is a trophic level

A

It is a level of consumers

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29
Q

Bio: where does the energy in a food chain come from

A

The sun

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30
Q

Bio: what is a hormone

A

It is chemical released by a gland that is carried through the blood to a target organ and effect a responce

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31
Q

Bio: where are hormones produced

A

Endocrine glands

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32
Q

Bio: where is insulin produced

A

Pancreas

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33
Q

Bio: biogas generators

A

They are an industrial device that completes anaerobic decomposition to produce methane that is in biogas

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34
Q

Bio: what organisms are decomposers

A
  • insects
  • fungi
  • bacteria
  • larvae
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35
Q

Bio: what does decomposition do

A

It returns nutrients to the environment and turns large organic compounds into simple molecules

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36
Q

Bio: how to bacteria and fungi digest

A

They excrete digestive enzymes onto the organic matter and then absorb the nutrients.

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37
Q

Bio: how do fungi and bacteria digest organic matter

A

They excrete enzymes onto the matter and then absorb the nutrients (Saprophytic)

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38
Q

Bio: what is a Saprophytic organisim

A

It is an organism that excretes enzymes onto its food and then absorbs the nutrients.

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39
Q

Bio: what are the 3 factors that effect the rate of decomposition

A
  • temperature
  • water concentration
  • oxygen concentration
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40
Q

Bio: what is anaerobic decay

A

This occurs when there is not enough oxygen present during decay and produces biogas which is mostly composed of methane, a good fuel

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41
Q

Chem: what is biogas mostly composed of

A

Methane, a good fuel

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42
Q

Bio: what is the carbon cycle

A
  • producers remove CO2 from the atmosphere by photosyntheses
  • animals eat theses plants and absorb carbon compounds
  • animals perform respiration which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
  • animals die and decomposers release carbon compounds into the atmosphere
  • also carbon can be released by the combustion of fossil fuels.
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43
Q

Bio: why does too much water hinder the rate of decay

A

Oxygen cannot get to the Side of decomoposition

44
Q

Bio: rate of change equation for rate RP

A

Rate of change = change in indicator / time

45
Q

Bio: what is the amount of biomass transferred between trophic levels

A

5-10%

46
Q

Bio: what is homeostasis

A

It is the regulation of internal conditions in response to external changes

47
Q

Bio: what is it called when the blood vessels widen

A

Vasodialation

48
Q

Bio: what is it called when the blood vessels tighten

A

vasoconstriction

49
Q

Bio: what is a control system

A

Automatic responses they use nervous and chemical responses, they consist of receptors, control centeres and effectors

50
Q

Bio: what does a receptor do

A

It detects changes in internal or external environments

51
Q

Bio: what do control centres do

A

They are areas that receive and process info from receptors and coordinate body response

52
Q

Bio: what do effectors do

A

They affect a responce

53
Q

Bio: through what are signals sent to and from the brain

A

Neurones

54
Q

Bio: what are the 2 main parts of the nervous system

A
  • brain - coordinates the response of the effectors
  • spinal cord - the control centre for reflex response, important to coordinating the response of the effectors to environmental changes, reflex responce
55
Q

Bio: what is a reflex

A

An involuntary action the is automatic, a rapid response to a stimulus

56
Q

Bio: what does ADH stand for

A

Anti Diuretic hormone

57
Q

Bio: what does the pupil reflex do

A

It is the dilation of the pupil

58
Q

Bio: what are the receptors that detect changes in themeorature

A

They are called thermoreceptors

59
Q

Bio: what is the kenn jerk reaction

A

sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap

60
Q

Bio: what are 2 respiratory reflexes

A

Coughing
Sneezing

61
Q

Bio: what control centre do reflexes not include

A

The brain

62
Q

Bio: where do synapses occur

A

At each junction of a reflex ark

63
Q

Bio: what are synapses

A

They are gaps between the neurones

64
Q

Bio: what is a reflex ark

A

Stimulus
- receptor
- sensory neurone
- relay neurone
- motor neurone
- effector
Responce

65
Q

Bio: what are the chemicals that carry signals across the gap between the neurones

A

Neurotransmitters

66
Q

Bio: how do the synapses work

A

Neurotransmitters move down the concentration gradient toward the other receptor and bind to it, this then repeats the signal

67
Q

Bio: what is tropisim

A

Response of a plant to a stumulus

68
Q

Bio: what is gertropisim

A

It is the response of a plant to gravity/orientation

69
Q

Bio: what is gertropisim

A

It is the response of a plant to gravity/orientation

70
Q

Bio: what is positive gertropisim

A

It is the movement of a part of a plant toward the centre of gravity ( roots)

71
Q

Bio: what is negative gertropisim

A

It is the movement of a part of a plant away from the centre of gravity (shoots)

72
Q

Bio: what does auxin do in roots

A

It inhibits growth, drives them down

73
Q

Bio: what does auxin do in shoots

A

It promotes growth

74
Q

bio: what is the name given to cells that only have on copy of each chromanone

A

haploid cells

75
Q

bio: what is known as a permanent change to the sequence of nucleotides

A

a mutation

76
Q

Bio: what does auxin do to roots

A

It inhibits growth and drives the roots down

77
Q

Bio: what does auxin do in shoots

A

It causes them to grow up

78
Q

Bio: in what does auxin cause positive geotropisim

A

Roots

79
Q

Bio: what is phototropisim

A

It is the response to the stimulus of light

80
Q

Bio: what is geotropisim

A

It is the response to the stimulus of gravity

81
Q

Bio: in what does auxin cause negative geotropisim

A

Shoots

82
Q

Bio: how does auxin cause plants to grow towards light

A

Light breaks down auxin, auxin encourages growth and so the plant grows toward the light

83
Q

Bio: what is myopia

A

It is short sightedness

84
Q

Bio: what is hyperopia

A

It is long sightedness

85
Q

Bio: what is astigmatisim

A

It is an asymmetry in the cornea/lens

86
Q

Bio: what is the cornea

A

Refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye

87
Q

Bio: what is the iris

A

It controls how much light enters the pupil

88
Q

Bio: what does the lens do

A

Further refracts light

89
Q

Bio: what is the retina

A

Contains the light receptors

90
Q

Bio: what is the optic nerve

A

Carries impulses between the eye and the brain

91
Q

Bio: what is the sclera

A

Tough white outer layer of the eye, helps protect eye from injury

92
Q

Bio: what are the 2 homeostatic prosesses in the eye

A
  • accommodation - focusing ciliary muscle relaxes
  • light intensity - greater the intensity smaller the apature
93
Q

Bio: what is accomodation in the eye

A

Accommodation - homeostasis of the eye - focusing - far away, ciliary muscle relaxes

94
Q

Bio: what is light intensity himeostasis in the eye

A

Light intensity, greater the intensity smaller the apature

95
Q

Bio: what does the cerebrum do

A

Higher thinking

96
Q

Bio: what is the cerebellum

A

Balance and control

97
Q

Bio: what does the hypothalamus do

A

It controls:
- body temp
- hunger
- mood
- sex drive
- blood oressure
- sleep
- thirst

98
Q

Bio: what does the medela oblongada do

A

It controls:
- heartbeat
- breathing
- blood pressure

99
Q

Bio: what does the pituatary gland do

A

It regulates growth and metabolisim

100
Q

Bio: what affect does light have on the roots

A

Auxin builds up facing down, light source is up, auxin breaks down in present of light, auxins in roots inhibit growth and so the part facing the light grows more moving the plant away from the light

101
Q

Bio: what are the 3 main uses of auxin

A
  • plant clones - tissue culture
  • rooting - taking cuttings of a plant and use rooting compound (contains auxin) to stimulate root growth in cutting)
  • weedkiller - too much auxin can ruing a plants growth cycles killing it
102
Q

Bio: what does ethene do in plants

A

Controls cell division during growth

103
Q

Bio: what can ethen be used for in plants

A

It can be used to ripen plants for sale after transport

104
Q

Bio: what does gibberelin do

A

Controls growth and development

105
Q

Bio: what are the uses of gibberelin

A
  • controlling dormancy - inducing germination
  • inducing flowering
  • growing larger fruits
106
Q

Bio: what part of the plant produces auxins

A

The tip

GCSEs (28 decks)

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