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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Physical Growth Requirements (Chapter 10 + 11) > Flashcards

Physical Growth Requirements (Chapter 10 + 11) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Study of inheritance + inheritable traits as expressed by an organism’s genetic material =

A

Genetics

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2
Q

The study/ subject of genetics includes:

A

Physical structure + function of genetic material
Mutations
Transfer of genetic material among organisms

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3
Q

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell/ organism =

A

Genome

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4
Q

Specific sequences of nucleotides that code for RNA or proteins =

A

Gene

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5
Q

The functional unit of a genome =

A

Gene

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6
Q

The complete set of genes contained within the genome of a cell =

A

Genotype

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7
Q

Expression of the cell’s (or organism’s) genes that leads to observable characteristics of that cell (or organism)=

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

Units of the genome that get expressed =

A

Genes

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9
Q

A gene has the info necessary to make a unique -

A

Protein

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10
Q

If a genome is noncoding then it can’t-

A

Make a protein

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11
Q

What percentage of bacteria is noncoding?

A

12 %

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12
Q

What is the genome size for a virus?

A

170,000 bp

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13
Q

What is the genome size for bacteria?

A

4.6 million bp

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14
Q

What is the genome size for a fruit fly?

A

130 million bp

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15
Q

What is the genome size for humans?

A

3.2 billion bp

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16
Q

What is the genome size for a canopy plant?

A

150 billion bp

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17
Q

Which typically has smaller genomes, Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes typically have smaller genomes than eukaryotes

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18
Q

Liquid portion of cytoplasm=

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

Is cytoplasm everything inside a cell?

A

Yes, it isn’t just the liquid part

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20
Q

Cytosol is mostly made of-

A

Water

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21
Q

What contains dissolved and suspended substances?

A

Cytosol

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22
Q

Cytosol contains dissolved and suspended substances like-

A

Ions, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and wastes

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23
Q

Many enzymatic reactions occur in-

A

Cytosol

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24
Q

What kinds of enzymatic reactions occur in Cytosol?

A

Amino acid production
Sugar degradation

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25
Q

What contains the nucleoid?

A

Cytosol

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26
Q

Region where the prokaryotic cells’ DNA resides =

A

Nucleoid

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27
Q

How many chromosomes does most bacteria have?

A

Just 1

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28
Q

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria have-

A

Circular chromosomes (usually 1 per cell)

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29
Q

Because of bacteria genome structure, bacteria are considered to be-

A

Haploid Cells

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30
Q

Bacterial chromosome is located in the-

A

Nucleoid

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31
Q

How long is DNA compared to the cell?

A

DNA is several times longer than the cell

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32
Q

How does DNA fit inside the cell?

A

Supercoiling compacts DNA so that the whole genome fits inside the cell

33
Q

Eukaryotes have what kind of chromosomes?

A

Nuclear Chromosomes

34
Q

Eukaryotes typically have how many chromosomes per cell?

A

More than 1

35
Q

Nuclear chromosomes are-

A

Linear + Sequestered within the nucleus

36
Q

Eukaryotic cells are often-

A

Diploid

37
Q

2 Chromosome Copies =

A

Diploid

38
Q

Globular proteins that aid in condensing DNA so it fits in the nucleus =

A

Histones

39
Q

DNA stands for-

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

40
Q

RNA stands for-

A

Ribonucleic Acid

41
Q

The monomers/ building blocks of genetic material =

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

How many types of nucleotides?

A

2 DNA + RNA

43
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of-

A

Nucleotides

44
Q

Each nucleotide is made up of how many parts?

A

3

45
Q

The 3 parts of nucleotides =

A

Phosphate Group
Pentose Sugar (5 Carbons)
Nitrogenous Base

46
Q

Length of DNA is expressed in-

A

Base Pairs

47
Q

Nucleotides with a one ring structure =

A

Pyramidines

48
Q

Pyrimidine Examples=

A

Cytosine
Thymine (DNA Only)
Uracil (RNA Only)

49
Q

Nucleotides with a two ring structure =

A

Adenine
Guanine

50
Q

The sides of the DNA molecule are held together by special chemical bonds called-

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

51
Q

A pairs with -

A

T

52
Q

C pairs with -

A

G

53
Q

In RNA, Thymine (T) pairs with Uracil (U), so

A

U pairs with A in RNA specifically

54
Q

3 hydrogen (h) bonds between -

A

C and G

55
Q

2 h bonds between -

A

A and T / A and U

56
Q

A base with 3 h bonds won’t interact with -

A

A base with only 2 h bonds

57
Q

A base with 3 possible hydrogen bonds will not interact with a base that only has 2 possible hydrogen bonds.

This ensures that-

A

The correct bases always interact with one another

58
Q

10 bases per turn of-

A

The DNA double helix

59
Q

Major Grooves=

A

Wide space between the backbone

60
Q

Minor Grooves =

A

Narrow space between the backbone

61
Q

2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions and create-

A

Minor + Major Grooves

62
Q

What kind’ve grooves have an abundant space for enzymes to interact with DNA?

A

Major Grooves

63
Q

DNA that isn’t a part of the chromosomes =

A

Extrachromosol DNA

64
Q

For eukaryotic cells extrachromosomal DNA is usually what kind of DNA?

A

Mitochondrial or Chloroplast DNA

65
Q

For prokaryotic cells and some lower eukaryotes like algae, fungi and protozoa, extrachromosomal DNA can be-

A

Plasmid DNA

66
Q

What are some types of plasmids?

A

Fertility Factors
Resistance Factors
Virulence Factors

67
Q

Can be beneficial to survival even though the bacterium could survive without it =

A

Plasmids

68
Q

Plasmids are not essential for-

A

Normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction

69
Q

Small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome(s) =

A

Plasmids

70
Q

Carry genes for conjugation, a type of gene transfer between cells =

A

Fertility Factors

71
Q

Carry genes for resistance to antibiotics or heavy metals =

A

Resistance Factors

72
Q

Carry genes for structures, enzymes, or toxins that allow a bacteria to be more pathogenic =

A

Virulence Plasmids

73
Q

RNA - how many strands?

A

Single-Stranded

74
Q

Each RNA contains a -

A

Ribose Sugar

75
Q

Carry genetic information from chromosomes to ribosomes =

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

76
Q

Combine with ribosomal polypeptides to form ribosomes =

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

77
Q

Are the organelles that synthesize polypeptides=

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

Deliver the correct amino acids to ribosomes based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA=

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

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