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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Chapter 1 Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Do microbes and micro-organisms mean the same thing?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Where are microbes found?

A

Everywhere on earth that supports life

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3
Q

Are most microbes harmless or helpful?

A

Yes, others can cause disease

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4
Q

Microbes live in complex microbial -

A

Communities with one another

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5
Q

Micro-organisms can be-

A

Cultivated (Produced)

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6
Q

What are the main types of micro-organisms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Viruses, Helminths

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7
Q

Microbes can be grown on-

A

Solid or liquid nutrient media

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8
Q

On solid media, a single cell can become millions of cells that can be seen with the unaided eye. This is called-

A

A Colony

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9
Q

Is being able to grow microbes essential to their study?

A

Yeah

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10
Q

What are the various roles played by microbes?

A

Human Health + Animal Health, Ecosystem Health + Natural Resources, Bioenergy + Biotechnology, Agriculture + Food, Industry, Water & Waste

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11
Q

The human body has how many body cells?

A

30 Trillion

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12
Q

The human body has how many bacterial cells?

A

40 Trillion

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13
Q

Microbes that live stably on the human body =

A

The Human Microbiome

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14
Q

Microbes that live stably on the human body can be called the human microbiome. What other things can they be called?

A

Normal Microbiota or Normal Flora

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15
Q

Normal flora can aid in-

A

Digestion

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16
Q

Aside from digestion, normal flora can aid in-

A

Protection from invading microbes that can cause disease

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17
Q

Invading microbes that can cause disease =

A

Pathogens

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18
Q

When do we begin acquiring microbiota?

A

Before Birth

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19
Q

When do we begin acquiring viruses, fungi, and bacteria?

A

After Birth

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20
Q

The fundamental unit of life =

A

Cells

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21
Q

What states that cells are the fundamental unit of life?

A

The Cell Theory

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22
Q

Living entities surrounded by a membrane that are capable of growing, reproducing, metabolizing, and evolving =

A

Cells

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23
Q

Cells are capable of-

A

Growing, reproducing, metabolizing, and evolving

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24
Q

Do cells come in a variety of sizes?

A

Yup

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25
Q

Smallest living things =

A

Single-Celled Organisms

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26
Q

Groups of cells comprise-

A

Multi-Cellular Organisms

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27
Q

Cells can be described as-

A

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

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28
Q

Do prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, or have a nucleus?

A

They lack a nucleus

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29
Q

Do eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus, or have a nucleus?

A

They have a nucleus

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30
Q

What kinds of cells lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes?

A

Prokaryotic

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31
Q

Typically, how big are prokaryotic cells in diameter?

A

1 μm in diameter

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32
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are both what kinds of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

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33
Q

What kind’s of cells have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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34
Q

How big are Eukaryotic Cells?

A

10 μm in diameter

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35
Q

What kind of cells have a more complex structure?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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36
Q

Eukaryotic Cells include-

A

Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Animal Cells, and Plant Cells

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37
Q

How big are Animal Cells?

A

~10 μm in diameter

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38
Q

How big are bacteria?

A

~1 μm in diameter

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39
Q

How big are viruses?

A

100x smaller than bacteria (Nanometer Range)

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40
Q

What category of microscope is required to view viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells?

A

Light Microscopes (Light Microscopy)

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41
Q

What type of microscope is commonly used in a wide variety of laboratory applications as the standard microscope; produces an image on a bright background?

A

Brightfield Microscopes

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42
Q

What type of microscope increases contrast without staining by producing a bright image on a darker background; especially useful for viewing live specimens?

A

Darkfield Microscopes

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43
Q

What type of microscope uses refraction and interference caused by structures in the specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining, making it useful for viewing live specimens, and structures such as endospores and organelles?

A

Phase Contrast Microscopes

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44
Q

What type of microscope uses interference patterns between different patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen to produce high-contrast images of living organisms with a three-dimensional appearance, making it especially useful in distinguishing structures within live, unstained specimens; images viewed reveal detailed structures within cells?

A

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopes

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45
Q

What type of microscope uses fluorescent stains to produce stains to produce an image; can be used to identify patterns, to find particular species to distinguish living from dead cells, or to find locations of particular molecules within a cell; also used for immunofluorescence?

A

Fluorescence Microscopes

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46
Q

What category of microscope uses visible or ultraviolet light to produce an image?

A

Light Microscopy

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47
Q

Light Microscopes have a magnification of up to about-

A

1000x

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48
Q

Name off the types of microscopes that fall into the light microscopy category

A

Brightfield, Darkfield, Phase Contrast, DIC, Fluorescence

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49
Q

Name off the category of microscope that uses electron beams focused with magnets to produce an image

A

Electron Microscopy

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50
Q

Electron Microscopes have a magnification of-

A

20-100,000x or more

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51
Q

What are the types of microscopes that make up the electron microscopy category of microscopes?

A

Transmission (TEM)

Scanning (SEM)

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52
Q

What type of microscope uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as tissue sections and sub-cellular structures?

A

Transmission (TEM)

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53
Q

What type of microscope uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three-dimensional surface details of specimens?

A

Scanning (SEM)

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54
Q

3 Domains of Life =

A

Archaea + Bacteria + Eukarya

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55
Q

Are there microbes from all 3 domains of life?

A

Yes

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56
Q

Bacteria + Archaea are both what kinds of microbes?

A

Prokaryotic Microbes

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57
Q

Why are Bacteria and Archaea both considered to be Prokaryotic Microbes?

A

Because their genetic material is not contained within a nucleus

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58
Q

Pathogens can cause disease in-

A

Humans + Plants + Animals

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59
Q

Most bacteria are harmless or beneficial.

True or false?

A

True

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60
Q

Bacteria is found nearly everywhere on Earth.

True or false?

A

True

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61
Q

Most Bacteria contain a unique cell wall component called-

A

Peptidoglycan

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62
Q

Bacteria are often described in terms of their-

A

Shape

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63
Q

Coccus =

A

Round Bacteria

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64
Q

Bacillus =

A

Rod-Shaped Bacteria

65
Q

Vibrio =

A

A Type of Curved Bacteria

66
Q

Spirochete =

A

A Type of Curved Bacteria

67
Q

Spirillum =

A

A Type of Curved Bacteria

68
Q

Coccus = How Big?

69
Q

Coccobacillas =

A

A type of round bacteria, but it looks a bit stretched compared to coccus bacteria

70
Q

Coccobacillus = How Big?

71
Q

Spirochete = How Big?

72
Q

Archaea differs from bacteria in multiple ways including-

A

Cell Wall Structure + Genetic Composition + Metabolic Pathways

73
Q

Does Archaea contain peptidoglycan like bacteria does?

74
Q

Many Archaea have shapes similar to bacteria, but some can have unusual shapes like-

A

Branched, Square, Etc.

75
Q

Are Bacteria + Archaea both found in nearly every habitat on Earth?

76
Q

You should usually think of Archaea in what kind’s of environments?

A

Extreme Environments (Very Hot / Very Cold)

77
Q

Are some Archaea found in humans?

78
Q

Are any Archaea known to be pathogens?

79
Q

A microbe falls under the domain of Eukaryotic if it’s genetic material is-

A

Stored Within a Nucleus

80
Q

Are Eukaryotic Microbes Unicellular or Multicellular?

A

They can be either

81
Q

Protozoa is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?

A

Unicellular

82
Q

Algae is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?

A

Can be either

83
Q

Fungi is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?

A

Can be either

84
Q

Some Protozoa can cause disease in human + animal hosts.

True or false?

85
Q

Protozoa is Greek for-

A

“First Animals”

86
Q

Protozoa belongs to the informal group of organisms called-

87
Q

A catch all for things that don’t fit well into plant, animal, or fungi categories =

A

Protist Category

88
Q

Protozoa has similar nutritional needs and cellular structure to-

89
Q

Are most Protozoa capable of locomotion at some point in their lives?

90
Q

Locomotion =

A

Movement/ moving from one place to another

91
Q

Eukaryotic but not a plant, animal, or fungus =

92
Q

How is Algae similar to plants?

A

Algae can perform photosynthesis and make their own food

93
Q

How is Algae different from plants?

A

Algae has a much simpler reproductive structures than plants

94
Q

Is Algae typically Pathogenic or Non-Pathogenic?

A

Typically Non-Pathogenic

95
Q

Macroscopic Algae is found in-

A

Oceans (Seaweed + Kelp)

96
Q

Uses gelatinous chemicals from the cell walls of algae as thickeners + emulsifiers in many foods + cosmetics =

A

Manufacturers

97
Q

Carrageenan is an example of-

A

A Manufacturer

98
Q

Agar is an example of-

A

A Manufacturer

99
Q

Agar solidifies-

A

Laboratory media

100
Q

Unicellular Algae is typically found in-

A

Freshwater (ponds, lakes, streams) + Oceans

101
Q

Major food source for small aquatic + marine animals =

102
Q

Provides most of the world’s oxygen =

103
Q

What do manufacturers use in products like polishing compounds, toothpastes, and pesticides?

A

Manufacturers use the glasslike cell walls of Diatoms

104
Q

Yeasts + Molds are two different types of-

A

Microscopic Fungi

105
Q

Yeasts =

A

Unicellular

106
Q

Molds =

A

Multicellular

107
Q

How are Fungi different from plants?

A

Fungi obtain their food from other organisms (they can’t make their own food)

108
Q

How are Fungi different from animals?

A

Fungi have cell walls (Animals on the other hand, have cell membranes)

109
Q

Yeasts + Molds can be-

A

Beneficial to humans

110
Q

Yeasts cause-

A

Bread to rise, ferments beverages like beer + wine

111
Q

Can yeasts spoil food or be pathogenic?

112
Q

How do Molds benefit humans?

A

They aid in the production of anti-microbial drugs (like penicillin)

113
Q

Can Molds produce harmful toxins, cause disease and allergies?

114
Q

Helminths =

A

Parasitic Worms

115
Q

Helminths are studied as a part of-

A

Microbiology

116
Q

Helminths range in size from microscopic to tapeworms over how many feet long?

A

30 Feet Long

117
Q

Most adult parasitic worms aren’t-

A

Microscopic

118
Q

How are parasitic infections often diagnosed?

A

Observing microscopic eggs immature stages of worms found in blood, feces, urine, and lymph

119
Q

Are viruses living or non-living?

A

Non-Living

120
Q

Are viruses acellular?

121
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

Genetic material (DNA / RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

122
Q

Are viruses microscopic and generally smaller than micro-organisms?

123
Q

Can viruses be seen using standard light microscopy?

124
Q

Viruses are included in the tree of life.

True or false?

125
Q

Study of microbes =

A

Microbiology

126
Q

Study of bacteria =

A

Bacteriology

127
Q

Study of Helminths and other parasites =

A

Parasitology

128
Q

Study of fungi =

129
Q

Study of Protozoa =

A

Protozoology

130
Q

Study of viruses =

131
Q

Study of the immune system =

A

Immunology

132
Q

Immunology is often included as part of-

A

Microbiology

133
Q

Why is immunology often included as a part of microbiology?

A

Because of the complex interactions between the host immune system and microbes

134
Q

A system for naming plants + animals and grouping similar organisms together =

A

Taxonomic System

135
Q

The science of classifying + naming organisms =

136
Q

When was taxonomy first developed?

137
Q

The Swedish botanist/ zoologist / physician who first developed taxonomy =

A

Carolus Linnaeus

138
Q

What were the 3 Kingdoms that Linnaeus developed?

A

Plants + Animals + Mineral (Mineral was later abandoned)

139
Q

Who divided organisms based on observations of characteristics?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

140
Q

Phylogeny =

A

Evolutionary relationships among organisms

141
Q

Phylogenetic Trees =

A

Trees of Life

142
Q

How are phylogenetic trees arranged?

A

By how closely related they are thought to be

143
Q

How did phylogenetic trees used to be organized?

A

Based on observable traits

144
Q

Today phylogenetic relationships are based on what kinds of comparisons?

A

Genetic, Biochemical, Embryological

145
Q

What did Ernst Haeckel build onto?

A

Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree

146
Q

Who included Protista for unicellular organisms onto Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree?

A

Ernst Haeckel

147
Q

What else did Ernst add to Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree? (Other than Protista for unicellular organisms)

A

Minerals for unicellular organisms lacking nuclei (Like Bacteria)

148
Q

Who proposed adding fungi as the fifth kingdom?

149
Q

When did Whittaker propose adding fungi as the fifth kingdom?

150
Q

Uses DNA, RNA, and protein as the basis for grouping organisms together rather than observable traits =

A

Modern Taxonomy

151
Q

The more similar the DNA, RNA, and protein is between organisms, the more-

A

Closely-related they are

152
Q

Today we have how many domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (3 Domains)

153
Q

What are taxonomic levels called?

A

Taxon (Taxa for pleural)

154
Q

Taxonomic levels from least to most specific?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

(Do Kids Play Cards On Fifth Grade Steps?)

155
Q

What do we use to name organisms?

A

Binomial Nomenclature

156
Q

Binomial Nomenclature essentially just means-

A

Two-Word Naming System

157
Q

According to the binomial nomenclature system, only the first word should be capitalized, and the two words should be underlined if handwritten.

True or false?

158
Q

According to the binomial nomenclature system, when using a computer or word processor, italics should be used on the name.

True or false?

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

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