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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Biochemistry Of Microbial Growth (Chapter 7 + 3) > Flashcards

Biochemistry Of Microbial Growth (Chapter 7 + 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

All living cells can-

A

Grow, Reproduce, Metabolize, and Respond to their environment

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2
Q

Break down molecules to use to build the molecules needed in the cell =

A

Metabolize

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3
Q

How can a living cell respond to their environment?

A

Detect chemical + physical properties and adjust to promote survival

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4
Q

Growth and reproduction mean the same thing whenever talking about microbes.

True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

An increase in a population of microbes (due to reproduction) =

A

An increase in microbe growth

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6
Q

What are the results of microbial growth?

A

Discrete Colony + Biofilm

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7
Q

An aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell =

A

Discrete Colony

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8
Q

Collection of microbes living on a surface in a complex community =

A

Biofilm

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9
Q

Organisms use a variety of what for their energy needs + to build organic molecules and cellular structures?

A

Nutrients

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10
Q

Most abundant elements in cells (Macronutrients) =

A

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus

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11
Q

Macronutrients make up how much of the dry weight of cells?

A

99%

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12
Q

Are Trace Elements the same thing as Micronutrients?

A

Yea

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13
Q

Name off the nutrients that organisms need in very small/ trace amounts

A

Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Calcium
Molybdenum
Copper
Cobalt
Manganese

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14
Q

Many kinds of micronutrients are needed by enzymes so that what can be carried out?

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

The 4 most abundant elements in living matter =

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hidrogen

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16
Q

The 4 most abundant elements in living matter are able to form strong bonds with other atoms to create -

A

Molecules

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17
Q

Organic molecules contain-

A

Carbon + Hydrogen Atoms

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18
Q

What are living things made of?

A

Organic Molecules

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19
Q

Inorganic molecules can contain carbon or hydrogen but not both.

True or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Functional groups combine with carbon chains to form large biomolecules called-

A

Macromolecules

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

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22
Q

Guess the macromolecule!

Function = Energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects

A

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

Guess the macromolecule!

Function = Energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Guess the macromolecule!

Function = Storage + Transfer of genetic info

A

Nucleic Acids

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25
Q

Guess the macromolecule!

Function = Enzymes, structure, receptors, transport, structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extracellular matrix

A

Proteins

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26
Q

Besides lipids, macromolecules are made from smaller molecules that act as “building blocks”. What are these molecules called?

A

Monomers

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27
Q

When many monomers get linked together =

A

Polymer

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28
Q

Lipids are mostly made of-

A

Carbon + Hydrogen

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29
Q

Aside from carbon and hydrogen, lipids can also contain-

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus

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30
Q

Source of nutrients, energy storage, structural of cell parts/ products =

A

Lipid Functions in the Cell

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31
Q

Fatty Acids + Triglycerides are both examples of-

A

Lipids

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32
Q

A type of lipid with long-chain hydrocarbons that end with a carboxylic acid functional group =

A

Fatty Acids

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33
Q

Water fearing / non-polar =

A

Hydrophobic

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34
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophobic?

A

Yes

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35
Q

2 types of fatty acids =

A

Saturated + Unsaturated

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36
Q

If a fatty acid is saturated, then that means that all of the bonds to carbons in the fatty acid chain are-

A

Single bonds

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37
Q

When does a single bond occur?

A

When 2 atoms share one pair of electrons

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38
Q

An unsaturated fatty acid has places in its fatty acid chain where what kind of bond causes a bend in the fatty acid tail?

A

A Double Bond

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39
Q

When does a double bond occur?

A

When 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

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40
Q

Carbon can make up to how many bonds/ double bonds?

A

4 Single Bonds or 2 Double Bonds

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41
Q

A naturally occurring, 3-carbon odorless liquid =

A

Glycerol

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42
Q

When are triglycerides formed?

A

When 3 fatty acids are chemically linked to a molecule of glycerol

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43
Q

Triglycerides are considered to be what kind of lipids?

A

Simple Lipids

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44
Q

Why are triglycerides considered to be simple lipids?

A

Because just two compounds are required to make one (Glycerol + Fatty Acids)

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45
Q

Excellent sources of energy and are usually found as body fat in humans + animals =

A

Tryglicerides

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46
Q

When triglycerides are found in microbes, they are used as an-

A

Energy Source

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47
Q

These are considered to be complex lipids =

A

Phospholipids

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48
Q

How many components do phospholipids have?

A

More than 2

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49
Q

What are the components that make up a phospholipid?

A

A Phosphate Group + Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chains

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50
Q

Only how many fatty acid chains can be present in a phospholipid?

A

2

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51
Q

Why can only 2 fatty acid chains be present in a phospholipid? It’s because the-

A

Glycerol molecule is already busy interacting with the phosphate group

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52
Q

Phospholipids have what kind of head?

A

A Hydrophilic Head

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53
Q

Phospholipids have what kind of tails?

A

Hydrophobic Tails

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54
Q

The molecular composition of bacterial + eukaryotic cell membranes is similar to -

A

Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes

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55
Q

What region of a phospholipid is made of fatty acid chains and is repelled by water?

A

The Hydrophobic Region

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56
Q

What region of the phospholipid is made of glycerophosphate + a variety of other functional groups and is attracted to water?

A

The Hydrophilic Region

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57
Q

Because the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid is attracted to water and the hydrophobic region is repelled by water, the hydrophilic regions face the extracellular environment + cell cytoplasm which forms a-

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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58
Q

Where are phospholipids found in cells?

A

The Cell Membrane

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59
Q

The Cell Membrane can also be called the-

A

Plasma Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane

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60
Q

Inner contents of a cell =

A

Cytoplasm

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61
Q

Membrane that separates the inner contents of the cell (cytoplasm) from the external environment =

A

The Cell Membrane

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62
Q

The Cell Membrane is a major component of what is known as the-

A

Cell Envelope in Bacteria

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63
Q

The Outer-Membrane is only a part of the cell envelope in-

A

Gram Negative Bacteria

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64
Q

The structures of a cell that are more external than the Cell Membrane + Cell Wall + Outer-Membrane (Only for gram negative bacteria) are all considered to be-

A

Not a part of the cell envelope

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65
Q

Along with the cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane, name a major component of the prokaryotic cell envelope =

A

Glyocalyx

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66
Q

A series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm + govern the cellular interactions with the external environment =

A

Cell Envelope

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67
Q

Provides structure + Shape to the cell =

A

Cell Envelope

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68
Q

Protects from osmotic forces (otherwise the cell would burst) =

A

Cell Envelope

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69
Q

Aids in attachment to other cells =

A

Cell Envelope

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70
Q

Can help some bacteria resist anti-microbial drugs =

A

Cell Envelope

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71
Q

Allows import + export of materials in a cell =

A

Cell Envelope

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72
Q

Surrounds cytoplasm, separating it from the environment =

A

Cytoplasmic Membranes

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73
Q

Cytoplasmic Membranes are beneath the-

A

Glycocalyx + Cell Wall

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74
Q

Cytoplasmic membranes are also called-

A

Cell Membranes or Plasma Membranes

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75
Q

What are cytoplasmic membranes made of?

A

50% Phospholipids

50% Proteins

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76
Q

The Phospholipid Bilayer is a structure of a-

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

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77
Q

Describes our current understanding of cell membrane structure =

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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78
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model, what do membranes have?

A

Movement

79
Q

Dotted with various proteins =

A

Mosaic

80
Q

Proteins + Lipids are free to flow laterally within the membrane =

A

Fluid

81
Q

Membranes don’t just stay in one fixed spot.

True or false?

A

True

82
Q

The Cytoplasmic Membrane is -

A

Selectively Permeable

83
Q

Allows some things to enter the cell while preventing others =

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

84
Q

The Cytoplasmic Membrane is naturally-

A

Impermeable to most substances

85
Q

Ions and molecules with an electric charge are repelled by-

A

The Cytoplasmic Membrane

86
Q

Can large molecules pass through the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

No

87
Q

The Phospholipid head is hydrophilic, but the tails are hydrophobic. Is a phospholipid considered hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

The overall membrane of a phospholipid is considered to be hydrophobic

88
Q

Glucose + Amino Acids are both-

A

Hydrophilic Substances

89
Q

Do Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic substances need assistance across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Hydrophobic substances don’t need assistance, Hydrophilic substances need assistance

90
Q

Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide are both considered to be what kind of substance?

A

Hydrophobic

91
Q

Lipids + Gases are-

A

Hydrophobic Substances

92
Q

Proteins are made up of monomers called-

A

Amino Acids

93
Q

Amino Acids are usually made up of -

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

94
Q

There are about how many amino acids that in different combinations lead to all the different proteins available in a cell?

A

~ 20 Different Amino Acids

95
Q

If a protein can catalyze chemical reactions within the cell then it is called a-

A

Enzyme

96
Q

Proteins can either be structural components or enzymes.

True or false?

A

True

97
Q

A protein can take on a particular shape that allows it to do a specific job in the cell. This depends on-

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

98
Q

The primary structure of a protein is called a -

A

Polypeptide

99
Q

Amino acids are joined together by-

A

Peptide Bonds

100
Q

Can some proteins remain as simple polypeptides in their original structure instead of changing?

A

Yes

101
Q

Can proteins be modified inside the cell to achieve a more complex secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure?

A

Yeah

102
Q

Protein consisting of more than 1 amino acid chain =

A

Quaternary Protein Structure

103
Q

3-Dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions =

A

Tertiary Protein Structure

104
Q

Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets =

A

Secondary Protein Structure

105
Q

Sequence of a chain of amino acids =

A

Primary Protein Structure

106
Q

Most enzymes are-

A

Proteins, but can have non-protein portions

107
Q

Inactive Enzyme =

A

Apoenzyme

108
Q

Active Enzyme =

A

Holoenzyme

109
Q

What does a Holoenzyme require?

A

Binding a cofactor, coenzyme, or both

110
Q

Non-Protein substance, usually a trace element (like iron or manganese) =

A

Cofactor

111
Q

Loosely and often transiently bound to an enzyme; can associate with multiple different enzymes =

A

Coenzyme

112
Q

Enzymes can help build things =

A

Anabolize

113
Q

Enzymes can help break down things =

A

Catsbolize

114
Q

Anabolism + Catabolism =

A

Metabolism

115
Q

All cells use what to make their structures?

A

Protein

116
Q

Proteins are important structural components for-

A

Ribosomes, the bacterial cell wall, external structures (used for motility + attachment)

117
Q

Used to generate motion + propel the microbe through its environment =

A

Flagella (Singular: Flagellum)

118
Q

How many Flagella can a cell have?

A

Some cells may have one, others have many

119
Q

100s per cell, used as a way to stick to surfaces =

A

Fimbriae (Singular: Fimbria)

120
Q

Internal cell structures that make proteins =

A

Ribosomes

121
Q

Found just outside the cell membrane =

A

The Cell Wall

122
Q

Used to stick to surfaces + other microbes =

A

Pili (Singular: Pilus)

123
Q

There’s usually how many Pili in a cell?

A

Only 1 to a few per cell

124
Q

Pili can be used for a type of motility called-

A

Twitching Motility

125
Q

When a microbe repeatedly stretches out a pilus, attaches to the surface in front of it and pulls itself toward that attachment point =

A

Twitching Motility

126
Q

The bacterial cell wall is made of-

A

Protein + Sugars

127
Q

Needed to withstand osmotic/ turgor pressure to prevent cell lysis =

A

This is one of the functions of the cell wall in bacteria

128
Q

Maintains cell shape, rigidity, provides strength + durability to a cell

A

This is one of the functions of the cell wall in bacteria

129
Q

Most bacteria are separated into 2 groups based on -

A

The structure of the cell wall + Amount of peptidoglycan it contains

130
Q

How can structural differences in the bacterial cell wall be determined?

A

By using a process called Gram Staining

131
Q

Allows us to visually distinguish between 2 groups of bacteria (Gram-Positive Bacteria & Gram-Negative Bacteria) =

A

Gram Staining

132
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria have a-

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

133
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria have a-

A

Thin peptidoglycan cell wall

134
Q

Gram positive bacteria has how many layers of peptidoglycan?

A

30-40

135
Q

Gram negative bacteria has how many layers of peptidoglycan?

A

1-3 layers of peptidoglycan

136
Q

Is peptidoglycan found anywhere else other than bacteria?

A

No

137
Q

What is a basic building block (monomer) of peptidoglycan made of?

The sugar backbone is made up of-

A

2 different types of sugars. (NAG + NAM)

138
Q

NAG stands for-

A

N-acetylglucosamine

139
Q

NAM stands for-

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

140
Q

What is a basic building block (monomer) of peptidoglycan made of?

The protein part is made of a-

A

Short peptide that’s attached to NAM

141
Q

How do new units (monomers) get added to a cell wall?

A

By attaching the sugar parts together. Then peptides form between the monomers

142
Q

Whenever peptides form between monomers, it’s building the-

A

Network of peptidoglycan that surrounds bacterial cells

143
Q

What do ribosomes synthesize?

A

Proteins

144
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

Protein + RNA (rRNA, a type of Nucleic Acid)

145
Q

How many ribosomes are in bacterial cytosol?

A

Thousands of

146
Q

Eukaryotic cytosol contains ribosomes that are -

A

Larger + Have more molecules of RNA

147
Q

Most of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are attached to the-

A

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

148
Q

The size of a ribosome is determined by-

A

Sedimentation Rate

149
Q

Rate at which a ribosome moves to the bottom of a test tube during centrifugation =

A

Sedimentation Rate

150
Q

Do large, compact, heavy molecules settle slower or faster than small, loosely packed, lighter particles?

A

Faster

151
Q

Do larger/ more dense particles get a higher or lower number or Svedberg (S) Unit?

A

Higher

152
Q

Do small, loosely packed, lighter particles get a higher or lower number or Svedberg (S) Unit?

A

Lower

153
Q

A large subunit for prokaryotes is-

A

50 S

154
Q

A small subunit for prokaryotes is-

A

30 S

155
Q

A whole ribosome for prokaryotes is-

A

70 S

156
Q

A large subunit for Eukaryotes is-

A

60 S

157
Q

A small subunit for Eukaryotes is-

A

40 S

158
Q

A whole ribosome for Eukaryotes is-

A

80 S

159
Q

Most abundant micro-molecules on earth =

A

Carbohydrates

160
Q

Primarily made of carbon + water =

A

Carbohydrates

161
Q

Carbohydrates functions?

A

Food Sources, Energy Storage
Cellular Structures
Store + Transmit Genetic Info

162
Q

Simple Sugars =

A

Monosaccharides

163
Q

End in “-ose” suffix =

A

Monosaccharides

164
Q

How are monosaccharides named?

A

By how many carbons in it

165
Q

What happens if a monosaccharide has 4 carbons or more?

A

It usually takes on a cyclic structure that’s more stable

166
Q

2 sugars linked together by glycosidic bonds =

A

Disaccharide

167
Q

Disaccharides are an example of-

A

Dehydration Synthesis

168
Q

Are disaccharides a common source of energy?

A

Yup

169
Q

Are disaccharides easily broken down?

A

Yeah

170
Q

Polymers of repeating sugars, but these aren’t sweet =

A

Polysaccharides

171
Q

Are glycosidic bonds found in Polysaccharides along with disaccharides?

A

Yes

172
Q

Polysaccharide structural function?

A

Cellulose cell wall in plants

173
Q

Polysaccharide energy storage functions?

A

Starch in plants + Glycogen in bacteria and animals

174
Q

2 types of glycocalyx?

A

Biofilm + Capsule

175
Q

Don’t forget that sugar is a major component of -

A

Peptidoglycan (Which is used for the cell wall)

176
Q

Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some bacterial cells =

A

Glycocalyx Structure

177
Q

Glycocalyx structures are usually made of-

A

Polysaccharides, but can be made with polypeptide or some combination of both

178
Q

Produced inside the cell and are extruded on the cell’s surface =

A

Glycocalyx Structure

179
Q

Glycocalyx Structure Functions?

A

Protect cells from drying.

Help pathogens survive and cause disease

180
Q

What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx Structure?

A

Capsule + Slime Layer

181
Q

Organized, repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to cell surface =

A

Capsule

182
Q

Chemicals in capsules are similar to -

A

Chemicals normally found in the human body

183
Q

Capsules prevent the human body from -

A

Recognizing Invaders

184
Q

Capsules protect bacterium from-

A

Being cleared by the immune system

185
Q

Why is it difficult for immune cells to engulf and kill encapsulated invaders?

A

Capsules are slippery

186
Q

What can help visualize a capsule?

A

Capsule Stain

187
Q

A bacterium that makes a capsule =

A

Bacillus anthracis

188
Q

The Slime Layer is-

A

Loose + Water-Soluble

189
Q

Slime layers allow bacteria to attach to surfaces forming -

A

Biofilms

190
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Aggregates of many bacteria living together on a surface

191
Q

Biofilms can form on things like-

A

Wounds, tissue surfaces, medical implants / devices, etc.

192
Q

Bacteria in biofilms are more protected from-

A

Antibiotics + Drying Out

193
Q

Can biofilms make it difficult to treat some infections?

A

Yes

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

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