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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Ch 25 Vectorborne Diseases > Flashcards

Ch 25 Vectorborne Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

The liquid part of blood =

A

Serum

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2
Q

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & Platelets are all-

A

Formed Elements

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3
Q

This system carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood =

A

Lymphatic System

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4
Q

Any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness =

A

Septicemia

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5
Q

Presence of bacteria in the blood =

A

Bacteremia

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6
Q

Release of bacterial toxins into the blood =

A

Toxemia

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7
Q

Viruses in the blood =

A

Viremia

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8
Q

Fungi, generally yeast, in the blood =

A

Fungemia

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9
Q

Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels =

A

Lymphangitis

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10
Q

Blood is usually -

A

Germ-Free (Axenic)

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Septicemia, Bacteremia, & Toxemia?

A

Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and malaise

Septic shock can develop rapidly

Small hemorrhagic lesions called Petechiae can develop

Osteomyelitis occurs if bacteria invade the bones

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12
Q

Inflammation/swelling of bone =

A

Osteomyelitis

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13
Q

Toxemia symptoms vary depending on-

A

The toxin itself

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14
Q

Toxins released from living microorganisms =

A

Exotoxins

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15
Q

Toxins released from Gram-negative bacteria (Lipid A) =

A

Endotoxins

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease?

A

Bull’s-eye rash at infection site

Neurological symptoms & cardiac dysfunction

Severe arthritis

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17
Q

How many phases does untreated Lyme Disease have?

A

Three

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the first phase of Lyme Disease?

A

Bull’s-eye rash at infection site:
Occurs in ~80% of people and lasts several weeks
Takes about 7 days to develop

Other early symptoms: malaise, headaches, dizziness, muscle and joint pain, infected
lymph nodes

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the second phase of Lyme Disease?

A

Neurological symptoms (Encephalitis & Meningitis) + cardiac disfunction:
If untreated occurs days to weeks later
Seen only in ~10% of patients

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20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the third phase of Lyme Disease?

A

Severe Arthritis:
~80% of patients
Occurs years later

Usually due to the immune response as bacteria have been cleared by this point

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21
Q

Is Lyme Disease fatal?

A

Rarely

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22
Q

Ticks have to remain on a host for how long to transmit enough Spirochetes to cause infection?

A

36-48 hrs

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23
Q

How do Spirochetes cause Lyme Disease?

A

They don’t do anything, but the body still sees it as a foreign invader so it does everything in it’s power to remove it (Thus causing Lyme’s Disease)

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24
Q

One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in the United States (Over 34,000 cases in 2015) =

A

Lyme Disease

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25
Q

Deer ticks are the cause of -

A

Lyme Disease

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26
Q

How is Lyme Disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of the disease

Bacterium is rarely detected in the blood

Antibody tests can be performed early in infection

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27
Q

How is Lyme Disease treated?

A

Antimicrobial drugs are used in the early phases

Treatment of later phases is difficult

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28
Q

How can Lyme Disease be prevented?

A

Prevented with tick repellents and protective clothing

Checking for ticks after outdoor activities

Swift removal via mouth parts, not squishing main body

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29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Initial symptoms: High fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting.

About 2-6 days after other symptoms develop, a rash begins at hands and wrists and spreads to trunk, face and extremities.

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30
Q

What does a rash caused by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever indicate?

A

Severe infection. Without treatment, RMSF is fatal within 8 days of showing symptoms

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31
Q

Pt’s with RMSF usually die from-

A

Low BP or Cardiac Arrest

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32
Q

How long does a Rocky Mountain Wood Tick need to feed before it can cause RMSF?

A

Minimum of 6 hrs

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33
Q

RMSF is an endemic to-

A

North & South America

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34
Q

People most at risk for RMSF:

A

People who enjoy outdoor activities like hiking or hunting; people with jobs that are outdoors

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35
Q

How can you diagnose RMSF?

A

Can be difficult, RMSF mimics other diseases (Initial symptoms usually similar to gastrointestinal illness)

Patient history (outdoor activities, tick bite); symptoms and rash can be diagnostic

Tests like PCR from blood samples, tests for bacteria from biopsy samples from the rash

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36
Q

How can you treat RMSF?

A

Antibiotics

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37
Q

How can you prevent RMSF?

A

Wearing long clothes, tick repellent when outdoors especially during spring and summer; checking for ticks and showering shortly after being outdoors; making sure pets are treated for ticks

No vaccine available

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38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Gas Gangrene?

A

Increased pain and swelling around injury due to damage to blood vessels

Tissue begins to lack oxygen and starts to die

Creates an anaerobic environment suitable for the growth of anaerobic bacteria

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39
Q

What do the signs and symptoms of Gas Gangrene result in?

A

Fever, foul-smelling drainage from tissues

Crepitation (crackly sound due to gas collecting under skin)

Tissue becomes liquified and begins sloughing off

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40
Q

Enters through dead tissue via traumatic event like surgical incision or wound =

A

Gas Gangrene

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41
Q

How long does Gas Gangrene generally take to develop?

A

1 to 3 days

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42
Q

How can you treat Gas Gangrene?

A

Dead tissue must be surgically removed.

Antibiotics to kill bacteria and antitoxin to neutralize the toxins produced.

Can also be treated using hyperbaric chamber.

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43
Q

Gas Gangrene is a-

A

Medical Emergency

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44
Q

How does a Hyperbaric Chamber treat Gas Gangrene?

A

Chamber uses higher pressure of oxygen than normal air pressure to force oxygen into areas of necrosing tissue
where gas is collecting. This can kill the anaerobic pathogens that can’t tolerate oxygen

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45
Q

What are early symptoms of Ebola?

A

Headache, fever, fatigue, dizziness, sore throat, muscle pain followed by rash

Appear 2-21 days after infection

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46
Q

What’re symptoms of the middle stage of Ebola?

A

High fever, massive bloody vomiting, diarrhea

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47
Q

What are late symptoms of Ebola?

A

Damage to blood vessels causes severe internal hemorrhaging(escape of blood from a ruptured vessel)

Bleeding from orifices, eyes, nose, ears

Organ damage

Many survivors have life-long complications like joint pain and vision changes

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48
Q

What does Ebola bind to? Why?

A

It binds to Neutrophils to inhibit early immune response

It binds to cells in blood vessels facilitating viral entry and destroying the cells = Hemorrhaging

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49
Q

How is Ebola transmitted?

A
  1. Ebolavirus circulates in rural environments between bats, the natural reservoir.
  2. Can be transmitted to other animals that people use for food.
  3. Preparing these animals for consumption can result in spillover event in which Ebola is transmitted through contact with contaminated animal fluids (blood).
  4. Human becomes infected, transmitting to other humans who care for the infected individual.
50
Q

Is Ebola an acute or chronic disease?

A

Acute

51
Q

Ebola is fatal in what percent of pt’s?

A

50-90%

52
Q

How can you diagnose Ebola?

A

Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms and presence of virus in the blood

Usually PCR is used to detect virus

Virus reaches detectable levels in blood after 3 days of symptoms

53
Q

How can you treat Ebola?

A

F&E Replacement

54
Q

How can you prevent yourself from getting Ebola?

A

There are no effective antiviral drugs that treat all types of Ebola

2 antivirals treat one type of Ebola

Vaccines are available to protect against future outbreaks

55
Q

What are the immune cells HIV primarily targets?

A

Helper T Cells

56
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Via exchanges of bodily fluids (Unprotected sex or contaminated needles)

57
Q

Why is it so hard to cure HIV?

A

HIV is in a place where meds can’t reach (Inside the DNA of Helper T Cells)

58
Q

When does HIV become AIDS?

A

Whenever Helper T Cell counts get too low, the immune system can’t fight off deadly bacteria that it would normally be able to anymore. This is when HIV becomes AIDS

59
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

60
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

61
Q

What are the most infective bodily fluids for HIV?

A

Blood and semen are more infective than other secretions

62
Q

Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to the baby during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding?

A

Yes

63
Q

What are the 3 stages of HIV called?

A

Stage 1 = Primary Infection

Stage 2 = Clinical Latency

Stage 3 = AIDS

64
Q

Helper T Cells are also called -

A

CD4+ Cells

65
Q

What occurs during the first stage of HIV?

A

Virus replicates and is released from infected cells into the blood

Fever, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, body aches which lasts 2-4 weeks as antibodies are made to fight off infection

During this time, cytotoxic T cells kill 100 million virally infected CD4+ helper T cells but levels are above 500 cells/uL of blood

66
Q

Patient’s are often unaware of HIV infection at this point as symptoms resemble the flu/other illnesses =

A

The Primary Infection Stage

67
Q

What occurs during the second stage of HIV?

A

Over 5-10 years, virus enters period of dormancy

Number of helper T cells declines to a level that severely impairs the immune response (between 200 and 499 cells/uL of blood)

68
Q

What occurs during the third stage of HIV?

A

Helper T cell levels are less than 200 cells/uL of blood, virus production climbs as there are no antibodies being made to fight it off

Patient has chills, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fatigue

Patient can experience a variety of opportunistic infections

Death usually results from opportunistic infection

69
Q

How do you diagnose HIV/AIDS?

A

AIDS diagnosis is based on symptoms, low levels of CD4+ lymphocytes, and presence of antibodies against HIV

Antibodies against HIV are detected by ELISA or western blot

Positive test for HIV antibodies does not automatically indicate presence of AIDS

70
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) currently used to reduce viral replication:

ART is a cocktail of antiviral drugs, like reverse transcriptase inhibitors and integrase inhibitors

Does not cure the infection

Inhibits HIV replication

Patient can live relatively normal life while on treatment

71
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV/AIDS?

A

No

72
Q

How can you prevent AIDS?

A

Behavioral changes can slow the AIDS epidemic

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (oral tenofovir)
(Truvada)

73
Q

What behavioral changes can prevent AIDS?

A

Abstinence and safe sex

Use of clean needles

Providing antiviral drugs to infected pregnant women

Screening of blood products

Use of protective wear to prevent contact with blood

74
Q

How does Pre-exposure prophylaxis (oral tenofovir) (Truvada) prevent HIV/AIDS?

A

Pill taken daily can prevent HIV from sex by 99%

For those who inject drugs PrEP reduces HIV infection by 74% when taken daily

Vaginal application of tenofovir before and after intercourse reduces the chance of infection

75
Q

What is Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Syndrome that can be caused by a variety of different pathogens

76
Q

What are the usual signs and symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Fever

10% atypical (large cytoplasm) lymphocytes in blood

77
Q

What is Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Commonly known as the kissing disease or Mono

Condition resulting from interactions of a patient’s cellular immune system with infected B lymphocytes

78
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Incubation time of 4-7 weeks

Severe sore throat and fever occur initially

Followed by swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, fatigue, appetite loss, and a skin rash

Fatigue and inability to concentrate may last for months

79
Q

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV or HHV-4) is the causative agent of-

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

80
Q

What does EBV do?

A

Suppresses apoptosis of infected B cells

81
Q

How does transmission of Infectious Mononucleosis occur?

A

Via saliva, blood, and semen

82
Q

95% of adults worldwide have been infected with Infectious Mononucleosis by the age of-

A

6

83
Q

How is Infectious Mononucleosis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by presence of large, lobed B lymphocytes and neutropenia (few neutrophils in the blood)

84
Q

How is Infectious Mononucleosis treated?

A

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms

85
Q

How is Infectious Mononucleosis prevented?

A

Prevention is difficult since EBV occurrence is widespread

86
Q

Cytomegalovirus infections =

A

Human Herpesvirus 5

87
Q

What percentage of people have been infected by Cytomegalovirus by adulthood?

A

50%

88
Q

What does Cytomegalovirus infect?

A

Infects epithelial cells, macrophages and lymphocytes

89
Q

How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?

A

Transmitted sexually, via blood, urine, saliva, in breastmilk or by transplanted tissue

90
Q

What are the manifestations of Cytomegalovirus?

A

May be asymptomatic or mild in adults

Infected cells swell forming “owl’s eyes” inclusions

91
Q

How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?

A

Transmitted across the placenta; causes mental retardation or hearing loss in newborns

92
Q

Most people with Cytomegalovirus are asymptomatic and don’t require treatment

True or false?

A

True

93
Q

How is Cytomegalovirus diagnosed?

A

The “C” in “TORCH” prenatal screenings

94
Q

How are Cytomegalovirus’ treated?

A

Various antivirals are available for those with overt symptoms (like newborns)

95
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Malaria?

A

Associated with parasite’s life in red blood cells, so symptoms are cyclical as parasites emerge from red blood cells

Fever, chills, diarrhea, and headache for a few hours

Profuse sweating, weakness, fatigue for a few hours

Anemia, weakness, jaundice and fatigue gradually occur

96
Q

These are generally nonmotile, protozoal parasites transmitted by mosquitos =

A

Plasmodium

97
Q

At least four Plasmodium species cause -

A

Malaria

98
Q

What occurs whenever you have Malaria?

A

A mosquito transmits the parasite to the blood

The parasite travels to the liver and replicates

After 2 weeks the liver cells rupture releasing more parasites that go on to infect red blood cells

Periodically, parasites lyse red blood cells and enter blood, infecting more red blood cells

Results in liver damage, jaundice, anemia

Damage to red blood cells can lead to ‘sludge blood’ in which blood is thickened by lysed red blood cells

99
Q

What does Sludge Blood prevent?

A

Prevents necessary oxygen delivery to organs = organ failure and death

100
Q

How does Maria transmission occur?

A

Human to human transmission does not occur, but mosquitos can pick up parasites from humans that can complete development and infect other humans

101
Q

Maria is an endemic throughout-

A

Tropics + Subtropics

102
Q

Can anyone get Malaria?

A

Yes, but children are especially vulnerable

103
Q

How is Malaria diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis made by identifying Plasmodium in blood using staining/microscopy

104
Q

How is Malaria treated?

A

Treated with various antimalarial drugs

Some Plasmodium strains are resistant to antimalarial drugs

105
Q

How is Malaria prevented?

A

Prevention requires control of mosquitoes

Use of mosquito nets is important way to reduce contact

No effective vaccine available

106
Q

Chagas Disease is also called-

A

American Trypanosomiasis

107
Q

What is Chagas Disease caused by?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

108
Q

The vector of Chagas Disease is-

A

The Reduviid Drug (Kissing Bug)

109
Q

How is Chagas Disease caused by the kissing bug?

A

It defecates trypanosomes into the bite wound of humans

110
Q

How is Chagas Disease treated?

A

Therapy is difficult due to trypanosome multiplying intracellularly

Antiprotozoal drugs can be helpful during early stage

Most patients show no early symptoms, and late stages of the disease cannot be
treated

111
Q

How is Chagas Disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by microscopic identification of T. cruzi

112
Q

How is Chagas Disease prevented?

A

Prevention involves avoidance of the vector

113
Q

How many stages are there of Chagas Disease?

A

3

114
Q

What happens during Acute Infection of Chagas Disease?

A

Fever, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, etc.

115
Q

What happens during the intermediate phase of Chagas Disease?

A

Asymptomatic

116
Q

What happens during the chronic form of Chagas Disease?

A

Chronic form of the disease develops in ~20% of people infected

Swelling of colon, esophagus, heart

117
Q

~23% of the human population has been infected with this by age 12 =

A

Taxopasmosis

118
Q

What can cause someone to get Taxoplasmosis?

A

Contact with cat feces or undercooked meat introduces oocysts to the intestines

Oocysts form trophozoites that invade cells

119
Q

Taxoplasmosis can become-

A

Chronic

120
Q

What’s the primary danger with Taxoplasmosis?

A

Primary danger is congenital infection:
Stillbirth
Neurological damage

121
Q

This virus causes about 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. It is typically not associated with crossing the placenta or causing congenital issues =

A

The Epstein Barr Virus

122
Q

This pathogen takes advantage of any anaerobic environment (Important to keep in mind for Gas Gangrene) =

A

Clostridium perfringens

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