Ch 23 Genitourinary & STD’s Flashcards
E. coli UTI’s, Syphilis, Gonorrhea, & Chlamydia are all what type of infections?
Bacterial
Herpes Infections & Papilloma Infections are both what kind of infection?
Viral Infections
Trichomoniasis is what kind of an infection?
Protozoan Infection
This removes waste from the blood and excretes it in urine =
Kidneys
These are the functional unit of the kidneys =
Nephrons
These are what filter the blood to form urine =
Nephrons
These carry urine to the urinary bladder =
Ureters
What is Urethritis?
Inflammation of the Urethra
What are the symptoms of Urethritis for men?
Burning while urinating, discharge, blood in semen, hematuria
What are the symptoms of Urethritis for women?
Painful urination, polyuria, vaginal discharge, fever, chills, abdominal pain
What is Cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder
The symptoms of Cystitis are-
Similar to Urethritis
Infection of one or both of the kidneys =
Pyelonephritis
What are the symptoms of Pyelonephritis?
Fever, chills, vomiting, lower back pain, frequent urination
Infection of the glomeruli in the kidney =
Glomerulonephritis
What does Glomerulonephritis affect?
It affects the ability of the kidney to remove waste from blood
What are the symptoms of Glomerulonephritis?
Excessive protein in the urine, increased BP, fluid retention/edema in hands and feet
Where eggs are produced =
Ovaries
Where the egg is released =
Fallopian Tubes
Where a fertilized egg implants itself =
Uterus
Lower part of the uterus =
Cervix
The vagina connects to the-
Cervix
Inflammation of the vagina =
Vaginitis
Bacterial infections of the vagina =
Bacterial Vaginosis
Fungal infections of the vagina =
Yeast Infections
General term for inflammation and pain in the uterus, uterine tubes, or ovaries =
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Collects sperm from testes and delvers it to the Vas Deferens =
Epididymis
The Seminal Vesicles & Prostate are -
Accessory Glands that produce fluid
This releases the semen into the urethra =
Vas Deferens
How do microbes enter the female urinary + reproductive system?
What about the male urinary + reproductive system?
Female = Via the vagina
Male = They enter through the skin of the penis + the urethra
Inflammation of the site of sperm maturation =
Epididymitis
What are the symptoms of Epididymitis?
Pain, Edema, Redness
When infection spreads from epididymitis to the testes =
Orchitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland =
Prostatitis
What are the symptoms of Prostatitis?
Fever, chills, pain in bladder, testicles and penis
Microorganisms in the urethra can move up to infect the -
Kidneys
What urinary organs are sterile for women?
Everything other than the kidneys and urethra
What urinary organs are sterile for men?
Regions above the prostate
The vagina is colonized by various microorganisms, including Lactobacillus, which -
Helps establish an acidic pH in the vagina by making lactic acid
Lactic acid production depends on-
Hormone Levels
Low levels of estrogen can lead to -
A more neutral pH in the vagina
A more neutral pH in the vagina allows for-
Opportunistic pathogens to grow
What are some general symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s that occur with both men and women?
Frequent, urgent, painful urination
Urine may be cloudy with foul odor
What is the most common cause of Bacterial UTI’s?
Enteric Bacteria, usually E. coli
Aside from E. coli, what are some other potential pathogens that can cause a Bacteria UTI?
Gram negatives: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae
– Gram positives: species of Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Enterococcus
What are some symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s for men?
burning while urinating, discharge, blood in semen or urine
What are some symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s for women?
Painful, frequent urination, vaginal discharge, fever, chills, abdominal pain
Bacterial UTI’s are more common in-
Females
Bacterial UTI’s are considered to be-
Non-communicable infections
Often results when fecal bacteria (E. coli) are introduced into urethra =
Bacterial UTI
Hospital acquired UTI’s are most commonly caused by-
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (It contaminates surfaces, and can contaminate catheters)
How do you generally prevent a UTI?
Keep hands clean, wiping front to back, urinating regularly.
Routine cleaning of patient rooms
How do you diagnose a UTI?
Urinalysis
A urine dip stick can test for -
Nitrates (indicates presence of certain bacteria)
Indirectly detect presence of neutrophils
Protein or blood
How do you treat a UTI
Antimicrobial Drugs
Presence of lesions from STDs is a risk factor for transmission of -
HIV
Female adolescents are at risk for STDs/STIs because-
The cervical lining is prone to bacterial infection
STDs/STIs can cause -
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
1 in 5 people in the US have a-
STI
Women between 15-24 are at highest risk for this, particularly as the number of sexual partners increases =
STIs/STDs + Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is usually caused by -
STIs with Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
STIs with Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae are usually-
Asymptomatic
Consequences of PID include -
Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, & infertility
Gonorrhea symptoms for men =
Painful urination and a purulent discharge, swollen/tender testicles
Gonorrhea symptoms for women =
Usually Asymptomatic.
Pelvic inflammatory disease may develop.
Cases of Gonorrhea in the United States are-
Increasing
Risk of Gonorrhea increases with-
The frequency of sexual encounters
What is used to diagnose Gonorrhea?
Genetic probes are used to diagnose asymptomatic infection
What is used to treat Gonorrhea?
Antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin
What has complicated the treatment of Gonorrhea?
Spread of gonococcal strains resistant to many antimicrobials
Chlamydia symptoms for women =
Usually Asymptomatic.
Red & inflamed cervix with unusual discharge can occur.
Chlamydia symptoms for men =
Pus Discharge + Painful Urination
Chlamydia Infections cause diseases such as:
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Trachoma
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Trachoma =
Infection of the eye
Formation of a genital lesion and bubo in the groin =
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Most common reportable STD in the United States =
Chlamydial Infections
Chlamydia enters the body via-
Scrapes + Cuts
If you get an invasive strain of Chlamydia, the bacteria can spread to-
The lymphatic system, causing Proctitis
Proctitis =
Enlarged Lymph Nodes
Chlamydial Infections increase the risk of what for women?
Cervical Cancer
Ow can you diagnose Chlamydia?
Detection of Chlamydial DNA by PCR
How is Chlamydia treated?
Antimicrobials
How many phases of Syphilis is there?
4
Small, painless, reddened, hard lesion called a chancre forms at the site of infection 10-12 says after exposure =
Primary Syphilis
When do Chancres form on the External Genitalia?
The 1st phase
What percentage of Chancres form in other places than the External Genitalia (Like the mouth, fingers, or lips)?
20 %
How long do Chancres last for?
3-6 Weeks
Chancres are often-
Unobserved (Especially in women as lesions typically form on the cervix)
Second phase of Syphilis =
Secondary Syphilis
Third phase of Syphilis =
Latent Syphilis
Fourth phase of Syphilis =
Tertiary Syphilis
What are the signs and symptoms of Secondary Syphilis?
Sore throat, headache, mild fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, widespread rash that does not hurt, but persists for months
What are the signs and symptoms of Latent Syphilis?
Asymptomatic. May last a decade or longer
What are the signs and symptoms of Tertiary Syphilis?
Years later untreated patients experience dementia, blindness, paralysis, heart failure, syphilitic gummas
What are Syphilitic Gummas?
A type of granuloma, rubbery, swollen lesions on the bones, nervous tissue or skin
Syphilis transmitted mostly via-
Sexual Contact
Most people who develop Syphilis won’t develop-
Tertiary Syphilis
Sometimes, Tertiary Syphilis can be transmitted from-
Mother to child
Sex workers, men who have sex with men, and users of IV drugs are all at a high risk of-
Syphilis
What is used to diagnose primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis?
An Antibody Test
Tertiary syphilis is difficult to-
Diagnose
What’s used to treat Syphilis?
Penicillin G
A mother has Latent Syphilis and gives birth, this can out the baby at risk of-
Birth Defects / Mental Retardation
A mother has Primary/Secondary Syphilis and gives birth, this can increase risk of-
Miscarriage
What are the signs and symptoms of Genital Herpes?
Small blisters on or around the genitals or rectum
Blisters break and become painful genital ulcers
Flu-like symptoms can accompany a primary infection
What causes Genital Herpes?
Herpes simplex virus type 2 causes most cases
Herpes simplex virus type 1 causes remainder of cases
Over 90% of the world population has one or both of
HH-1 or HH-2
How do you diagnose Genital Herpes?
Serological (antibody) or PCR testing available
How do you prevent / treat Genital Herpes?
Acyclovir or other antiviral agents can lessen symptoms.
Condoms often provide little protection.
Infected pregnant women should deliver by C-section.
What are the signs and symptoms of Genital Warts?
Papillomas, or warts, are growths of skin epithelium.
May form on the face, trunk, hands, feet, elbows, knees, anus or genitalia.
Large growths called condylomata acuminata.
What are Genital Warts caused by?
Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV)
There are over how many types of HPV?
200
Genital warts are the cause of almost all-
Cervical Cancers
What types of HPV are the most prevalent cancer-causing types?
16 and 18
How many types of HPV can cause cervical cancer?
14 Types of
Most common STD in the US =
Genital Warts
How do you diagnose Genital Warts?
Diagnosis is made by presence of warts and PCR testing for presence of HPV
Observance of abnormal cells in Pap smears can also be due to HPV
Is the removal of genital warts a cure?
No, because they can grow back
What are the ways that you can remove genital warts?
Surgery, freezing, burning, laser, chemicals
Vaccine is available against HPV strains associated with cervical cancer. How many cancer causing types of HPV can Gardasil 9 protect against?
9 of them (including types 16 and 18)
HPV vaccination is recommended for boys and girls between the ages of-
9 and 15 years old
HPV vaccination can be useful if you are up to what age?
26 Years Old
Foul smelling, yellowish-green discharge =
Trichomoniasis
Thick, white, usually odorless discharge =
Vaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)
The estimated number of infections (new or existing) in a given time =
Prevalence
He estimated number of new infections (diagnosed or undiagnosed) at a given time =
Incidence
