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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Ch 23 Genitourinary & STD’s > Flashcards

Ch 23 Genitourinary & STD’s Flashcards

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1
Q

E. coli UTI’s, Syphilis, Gonorrhea, & Chlamydia are all what type of infections?

A

Bacterial

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2
Q

Herpes Infections & Papilloma Infections are both what kind of infection?

A

Viral Infections

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3
Q

Trichomoniasis is what kind of an infection?

A

Protozoan Infection

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4
Q

This removes waste from the blood and excretes it in urine =

A

Kidneys

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5
Q

These are the functional unit of the kidneys =

A

Nephrons

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6
Q

These are what filter the blood to form urine =

A

Nephrons

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7
Q

These carry urine to the urinary bladder =

A

Ureters

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8
Q

What is Urethritis?

A

Inflammation of the Urethra

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Urethritis for men?

A

Burning while urinating, discharge, blood in semen, hematuria

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Urethritis for women?

A

Painful urination, polyuria, vaginal discharge, fever, chills, abdominal pain

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11
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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12
Q

The symptoms of Cystitis are-

A

Similar to Urethritis

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13
Q

Infection of one or both of the kidneys =

A

Pyelonephritis

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Pyelonephritis?

A

Fever, chills, vomiting, lower back pain, frequent urination

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15
Q

Infection of the glomeruli in the kidney =

A

Glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

What does Glomerulonephritis affect?

A

It affects the ability of the kidney to remove waste from blood

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Glomerulonephritis?

A

Excessive protein in the urine, increased BP, fluid retention/edema in hands and feet

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18
Q

Where eggs are produced =

A

Ovaries

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19
Q

Where the egg is released =

A

Fallopian Tubes

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20
Q

Where a fertilized egg implants itself =

A

Uterus

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21
Q

Lower part of the uterus =

A

Cervix

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22
Q

The vagina connects to the-

A

Cervix

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23
Q

Inflammation of the vagina =

A

Vaginitis

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24
Q

Bacterial infections of the vagina =

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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25
Q

Fungal infections of the vagina =

A

Yeast Infections

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26
Q

General term for inflammation and pain in the uterus, uterine tubes, or ovaries =

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

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27
Q

Collects sperm from testes and delvers it to the Vas Deferens =

A

Epididymis

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28
Q

The Seminal Vesicles & Prostate are -

A

Accessory Glands that produce fluid

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29
Q

This releases the semen into the urethra =

A

Vas Deferens

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30
Q

How do microbes enter the female urinary + reproductive system?

What about the male urinary + reproductive system?

A

Female = Via the vagina

Male = They enter through the skin of the penis + the urethra

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31
Q

Inflammation of the site of sperm maturation =

A

Epididymitis

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of Epididymitis?

A

Pain, Edema, Redness

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33
Q

When infection spreads from epididymitis to the testes =

A

Orchitis

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34
Q

Inflammation of the prostate gland =

A

Prostatitis

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35
Q

What are the symptoms of Prostatitis?

A

Fever, chills, pain in bladder, testicles and penis

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36
Q

Microorganisms in the urethra can move up to infect the -

A

Kidneys

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37
Q

What urinary organs are sterile for women?

A

Everything other than the kidneys and urethra

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38
Q

What urinary organs are sterile for men?

A

Regions above the prostate

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39
Q

The vagina is colonized by various microorganisms, including Lactobacillus, which -

A

Helps establish an acidic pH in the vagina by making lactic acid

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40
Q

Lactic acid production depends on-

A

Hormone Levels

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41
Q

Low levels of estrogen can lead to -

A

A more neutral pH in the vagina

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42
Q

A more neutral pH in the vagina allows for-

A

Opportunistic pathogens to grow

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43
Q

What are some general symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s that occur with both men and women?

A

Frequent, urgent, painful urination

Urine may be cloudy with foul odor

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44
Q

What is the most common cause of Bacterial UTI’s?

A

Enteric Bacteria, usually E. coli

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45
Q

Aside from E. coli, what are some other potential pathogens that can cause a Bacteria UTI?

A

Gram negatives: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae

– Gram positives: species of Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Enterococcus

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46
Q

What are some symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s for men?

A

burning while urinating, discharge, blood in semen or urine

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47
Q

What are some symptoms of Bacterial UTI’s for women?

A

Painful, frequent urination, vaginal discharge, fever, chills, abdominal pain

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48
Q

Bacterial UTI’s are more common in-

A

Females

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49
Q

Bacterial UTI’s are considered to be-

A

Non-communicable infections

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50
Q

Often results when fecal bacteria (E. coli) are introduced into urethra =

A

Bacterial UTI

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51
Q

Hospital acquired UTI’s are most commonly caused by-

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (It contaminates surfaces, and can contaminate catheters)

52
Q

How do you generally prevent a UTI?

A

Keep hands clean, wiping front to back, urinating regularly.

Routine cleaning of patient rooms

53
Q

How do you diagnose a UTI?

A

Urinalysis

54
Q

A urine dip stick can test for -

A

Nitrates (indicates presence of certain bacteria)
Indirectly detect presence of neutrophils
Protein or blood

55
Q

How do you treat a UTI

A

Antimicrobial Drugs

56
Q

Presence of lesions from STDs is a risk factor for transmission of -

A

HIV

57
Q

Female adolescents are at risk for STDs/STIs because-

A

The cervical lining is prone to bacterial infection

58
Q

STDs/STIs can cause -

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

59
Q

1 in 5 people in the US have a-

A

STI

60
Q

Women between 15-24 are at highest risk for this, particularly as the number of sexual partners increases =

A

STIs/STDs + Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

61
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is usually caused by -

A

STIs with Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

62
Q

STIs with Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae are usually-

A

Asymptomatic

63
Q

Consequences of PID include -

A

Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, & infertility

64
Q

Gonorrhea symptoms for men =

A

Painful urination and a purulent discharge, swollen/tender testicles

65
Q

Gonorrhea symptoms for women =

A

Usually Asymptomatic.

Pelvic inflammatory disease may develop.

66
Q

Cases of Gonorrhea in the United States are-

A

Increasing

67
Q

Risk of Gonorrhea increases with-

A

The frequency of sexual encounters

68
Q

What is used to diagnose Gonorrhea?

A

Genetic probes are used to diagnose asymptomatic infection

69
Q

What is used to treat Gonorrhea?

A

Antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin

70
Q

What has complicated the treatment of Gonorrhea?

A

Spread of gonococcal strains resistant to many antimicrobials

71
Q

Chlamydia symptoms for women =

A

Usually Asymptomatic.

Red & inflamed cervix with unusual discharge can occur.

72
Q

Chlamydia symptoms for men =

A

Pus Discharge + Painful Urination

73
Q

Chlamydia Infections cause diseases such as:

A

Epididymitis
Orchitis
Trachoma
Lymphogranuloma venereum

74
Q

Trachoma =

A

Infection of the eye

75
Q

Formation of a genital lesion and bubo in the groin =

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum

76
Q

Most common reportable STD in the United States =

A

Chlamydial Infections

77
Q

Chlamydia enters the body via-

A

Scrapes + Cuts

78
Q

If you get an invasive strain of Chlamydia, the bacteria can spread to-

A

The lymphatic system, causing Proctitis

79
Q

Proctitis =

A

Enlarged Lymph Nodes

80
Q

Chlamydial Infections increase the risk of what for women?

A

Cervical Cancer

81
Q

Ow can you diagnose Chlamydia?

A

Detection of Chlamydial DNA by PCR

82
Q

How is Chlamydia treated?

A

Antimicrobials

83
Q

How many phases of Syphilis is there?

A

4

84
Q

Small, painless, reddened, hard lesion called a chancre forms at the site of infection 10-12 says after exposure =

A

Primary Syphilis

85
Q

When do Chancres form on the External Genitalia?

A

The 1st phase

86
Q

What percentage of Chancres form in other places than the External Genitalia (Like the mouth, fingers, or lips)?

A

20 %

87
Q

How long do Chancres last for?

A

3-6 Weeks

88
Q

Chancres are often-

A

Unobserved (Especially in women as lesions typically form on the cervix)

89
Q

Second phase of Syphilis =

A

Secondary Syphilis

90
Q

Third phase of Syphilis =

A

Latent Syphilis

91
Q

Fourth phase of Syphilis =

A

Tertiary Syphilis

92
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Secondary Syphilis?

A

Sore throat, headache, mild fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, widespread rash that does not hurt, but persists for months

93
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Latent Syphilis?

A

Asymptomatic. May last a decade or longer

94
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Tertiary Syphilis?

A

Years later untreated patients experience dementia, blindness, paralysis, heart failure, syphilitic gummas

95
Q

What are Syphilitic Gummas?

A

A type of granuloma, rubbery, swollen lesions on the bones, nervous tissue or skin

96
Q

Syphilis transmitted mostly via-

A

Sexual Contact

97
Q

Most people who develop Syphilis won’t develop-

A

Tertiary Syphilis

98
Q

Sometimes, Tertiary Syphilis can be transmitted from-

A

Mother to child

99
Q

Sex workers, men who have sex with men, and users of IV drugs are all at a high risk of-

A

Syphilis

100
Q

What is used to diagnose primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis?

A

An Antibody Test

101
Q

Tertiary syphilis is difficult to-

A

Diagnose

102
Q

What’s used to treat Syphilis?

A

Penicillin G

103
Q

A mother has Latent Syphilis and gives birth, this can out the baby at risk of-

A

Birth Defects / Mental Retardation

104
Q

A mother has Primary/Secondary Syphilis and gives birth, this can increase risk of-

A

Miscarriage

105
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Genital Herpes?

A

Small blisters on or around the genitals or rectum

Blisters break and become painful genital ulcers

Flu-like symptoms can accompany a primary infection

106
Q

What causes Genital Herpes?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 2 causes most cases

Herpes simplex virus type 1 causes remainder of cases

107
Q

Over 90% of the world population has one or both of

A

HH-1 or HH-2

108
Q

How do you diagnose Genital Herpes?

A

Serological (antibody) or PCR testing available

109
Q

How do you prevent / treat Genital Herpes?

A

Acyclovir or other antiviral agents can lessen symptoms.

Condoms often provide little protection.

Infected pregnant women should deliver by C-section.

110
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Genital Warts?

A

Papillomas, or warts, are growths of skin epithelium.

May form on the face, trunk, hands, feet, elbows, knees, anus or genitalia.

Large growths called condylomata acuminata.

111
Q

What are Genital Warts caused by?

A

Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV)

112
Q

There are over how many types of HPV?

A

200

113
Q

Genital warts are the cause of almost all-

A

Cervical Cancers

114
Q

What types of HPV are the most prevalent cancer-causing types?

A

16 and 18

115
Q

How many types of HPV can cause cervical cancer?

A

14 Types of

116
Q

Most common STD in the US =

A

Genital Warts

117
Q

How do you diagnose Genital Warts?

A

Diagnosis is made by presence of warts and PCR testing for presence of HPV

Observance of abnormal cells in Pap smears can also be due to HPV

118
Q

Is the removal of genital warts a cure?

A

No, because they can grow back

119
Q

What are the ways that you can remove genital warts?

A

Surgery, freezing, burning, laser, chemicals

120
Q

Vaccine is available against HPV strains associated with cervical cancer. How many cancer causing types of HPV can Gardasil 9 protect against?

A

9 of them (including types 16 and 18)

121
Q

HPV vaccination is recommended for boys and girls between the ages of-

A

9 and 15 years old

122
Q

HPV vaccination can be useful if you are up to what age?

A

26 Years Old

123
Q

Foul smelling, yellowish-green discharge =

A

Trichomoniasis

124
Q

Thick, white, usually odorless discharge =

A

Vaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)

125
Q

The estimated number of infections (new or existing) in a given time =

A

Prevalence

126
Q

He estimated number of new infections (diagnosed or undiagnosed) at a given time =

A

Incidence

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