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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Immune Defenses (Chapters 17 & 18) > Flashcards

Immune Defenses (Chapters 17 & 18) Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance to Pathogens and/or Noninfectious Substances =

A

Immunity

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2
Q

These are Intracellular or Extracellular + are Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, or Helminths =

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

Tumors, Host Components, (Autoimmunity), Harmless Environmental Molecules (Allergens) =

A

Non-Infectious Substances

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4
Q

First line of immune system defense =

A

Structures, Chemicals, and Processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body.

Skin + Mucous Membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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5
Q

Second line of immune system defense =

A

Protective cells, bloodborne chemicals & processes that kill or inactivate invaders

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6
Q

Third line of immune system defense =

A

Adaptive Immunity

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7
Q

The immune system’s first and second lines of defense make this up =

A

Innate Immunity

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8
Q

Skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances =

A

1st line of defense

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9
Q

Inflammation, fever, phagocytes =

A

2nd line of defense

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10
Q

Humoral and cellular immunity =

A

3rd line of defense

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11
Q

Innate immunity is-

A

Present at birth

Always active
Nonspecific
Rapid

Works against a variety of pathogens:
Parasitic worms, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

What controls incoming pathogens in the respiratory tract?

A

Mucociliary Escelator

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13
Q

1.) In the trachea, what cells create mucus that act as a barrier and can trap pathogens?

2.) In the trachea, what cells propel mucus and its trapped particles and pathogens up and away from the lungs.

3.) When is the mucus coughed up?

A

1.) Goblet Cells

2.) Ciliated Columnar Cells

3.) Once it enters the throat, if it is swallowed instead of coughed up, then it has to go through the GI system

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14
Q

A connective tissue made of cells suspended in fluid called plasma =

A

Blood

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15
Q

Plasma makes up what % of blood composition?

A

55%

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16
Q

This is the mostly water portion of the blood containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins =

A

Plasma

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17
Q

This is the fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed from plasma =

A

Serum

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18
Q

What are the 3 Formed Elements in plasma?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC’s) + Leukocytes (WBC’s) + Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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19
Q

Leukocytes are divided into-

A

Granulocytes + Agronulocytes

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20
Q

A type of leukocyte that can be distinguished by the number of lobes in their nuclei and how their granules look when stained =

A

Granulocytes

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21
Q

What are the types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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22
Q

3-5 Lobes, Lilac Color =

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

2-3 Lobes, Reddish Color =

A

Eosinophils

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24
Q

2 Lobes, Large, Dark Blue/Purple Color =

A

Basophils

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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26
Q

Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells =

A

Monocytes

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27
Q

T cells & B cells which are adaptive immune defenses are a type of =

A

Lymphocyte

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28
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) play a role in-

A

Innate immune defenses and adaptive immune defenses

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29
Q

NK Cells are -

A

Agranulocytes

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30
Q

These cells actually do have granules even though they are classified as Agranulocytes, but they are far less numerous than those of ‘true’ granulocytes =

A

NK Cells

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31
Q

NK Cells are a type of -

A

Lymphocyte

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32
Q

Make up ~5-15% of lymphocyte population in the blood =

A

NK Cells

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33
Q

Are NK Cells larger or smaller T Cells & NK Cells?

A

Larger

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34
Q

Contain invisible granules that contain chemicals that can kill target cells =

A

NK Cells

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35
Q

What do NK Cells kill?

A

Abnormal cells like cancer cells or infected cells

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36
Q

Largest of the Leukocytes + Nucleus lacks lobes + No granules in cytoplasm + Many of these will phagocytize pathogens to help fight infection =

A

Monocytes

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37
Q

Monocytes will differentiate into these kinds of cells once they leave the blood stream and enter body tissues =

A

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

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38
Q

These are phagocytic cells that are important for engulfing and digesting incoming bacterial pathogens =

A

Monocytes

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39
Q

Increased Eosinophils indicate -

A

Allergies or Parasitic Worm Infection

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40
Q

Bacterial diseases often show increased-

A

Neutrophils

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41
Q

Bacterial diseases often show increased-

A

Neutrophils

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42
Q

Viral infections show increase in-

A

Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

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43
Q

Makes up 60-70% of WBC’s =

A

Neutrophils

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44
Q

Makes up 20-25% of WBC’s =

A

Lymphocytes

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45
Q

Makes up 3-8% of WBC’s =

A

Monocytes

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46
Q

Makes up 2-4% of WBC’s =

A

Eosinophils

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47
Q

Makes up of 0.5-1% WBC’s =

48
Q

Increase in neutrophils, usually due to a bacterial infection =

A

Neutrophilia

49
Q

Abnormal decrease in neutrophils, causes vary but can be due to autoimmune diseases, AIDs, some drugs =

A

Neutropenia

50
Q

Increase in eosinophils, common in parasitic infections or allergic responses =

A

Eosinophilia

51
Q

Increase in basophils, not usually indicative of a harmful illness, usually occurs as part of general inflammatory response and dissipates as body routinely fights off some infections and allergies, etc. =

A

Basophilia

52
Q

Abnormal presence of lymphocytes in blood, commonly occurs in children infected with Epstein-Barr virus =

A

Lymphocytosis

53
Q

Abnormal rise in monocyte count, can be due to chronic bacterial infections or protozoal infections =

A

Monocytosis

54
Q

Low monocyte count, occurs in ailments such as AIDS and leukemia =

A

Monoctypenia

55
Q

One of the main ways immune cells fight pathogens =

A

Phagocytosis

56
Q

“Eating by a cell” =

A

Phagocytosis

57
Q

Phagocytes =

A

Any cells capable of Phagocytosis

58
Q

Is phagocytosis completely understood?

59
Q

Phagocytosis can be divided into six stages, what are they called?

A

Chemotaxis
Adhesion
Ingestion
Digestion
Elimination

60
Q

What are the types of phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

61
Q

Inflammation has 5 characteristics, what are they?

A

Heat, Redness, Swelling, Edema, Loss of Function

62
Q

Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels is caused by-

A

Inflammation

63
Q

Produces redness and localized heat =

A

Vasodilation

64
Q

Many chemicals trigger and promote Vasodilation, name some examples =

A

Bradykinins, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Histamine

65
Q

Delivers blood clotting proteins to site of injury =

A

Inflammation

66
Q

Receptors for histamine are found on a variety of host cell types. Release can lead to-

A

Tightening of the airways and smooth muscle contractions

67
Q

More potent and longer lasting than histamine; cause coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea to get an individual to expel pathogens from the body =

A

Leukotrienes

68
Q

Helps increase the body temperature to induce a fever, thereby promoting the action of white blood cells and slightly inhibiting the growth of pathogens =

A

Prostaglandins

69
Q

Promotes edema, the leakage of fluid and white blood cells out of the blood stream and into the tissues (site of infection) =

A

Bradykinins

70
Q

What promotes the migration and action of phagocytic cells?

A

Inflammation

71
Q

What is it called whenever phagocytes squeeze between the cells of a vessel wall and enter site of an infection?

A

Diapedesis

72
Q

A body temp over 37 degrees C (98.6 F) =

A

Fever (Online it says that it is 97-99 F so this is wrong lol, 98.6 F is just the average)

73
Q

Results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body’s core temp =

74
Q

Types of Pyrogens:

A

Bacterial Toxins
Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
Pyrogens released by phagocytes that have phagocytized bacteria

75
Q

The body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products =

A

Adaptive Immunity

76
Q

Takes about 4-7 days to develop + Not immediate like the innate immune response but is more specific and targets the pathogen more accurately + Establishes memory =

A

Adaptive Immunity

77
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the Thymus =

78
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the Bone Marrow =

79
Q

Carried out by T cells + Often act against intracellular pathogens such as viruses + T cells directly kill an infected cell =

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

80
Q

Largely carried out by B cells and antibodies + Often directed against extracellular pathogens and toxins + Makes sense: antibodies can’t attack a pathogen that is inside a host cell + Antibody responses are also called ‘humoral’ responses =

A

Antibody Immune Responses

81
Q

The molecules the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack =

82
Q

How are antigens recognized?

A

3-dimensional regions called epitopes on antigens

83
Q

Antibodies are also called-

A

Immunoglobins

84
Q

What provokes allergic reactions?

85
Q

When thinking about the structure of the antibodies, the lower portion of the heavy chains is called-

A

The Fc Region

86
Q

How many types of Fc Regions are there? What are they?

A

5

M, G, A, E, and D

87
Q

The first antibody produced during initial stages of immune response =

88
Q

The most common and longest-lasting antibody =

89
Q

The antigen associated with body secretions =

90
Q

He antigen involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies =

91
Q

The B Cell receptor =

92
Q

What are the ways in which antibodies function?

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Agglutination

93
Q

Binding of an antibody to block the activity of an antigen =

A

Neutralization

94
Q

When antibodies act as Opsonins =

A

Opsonization

95
Q

A type of antibody that binds to antigens to make them more vulnerable to phagocytosis =

96
Q

Agglutination is the clumping of the blood. Why does it occur?

A

It increases the chances of phagocytosis and/or being filtered out of the blood by spleen

97
Q

Showing digested microbe antigens on cell surface =

A

Antigen Presentation

98
Q

These are glycoproteins found in the membranes of nucleated cells of vertebrate animals =

99
Q

Hold and position antigenic epitopes for presentation to immune cells (Can only show antigens that are made of proteins) =

100
Q

Monocytes reside in where?

101
Q

Plasma cells are-

A

Antibody-secreting cells

102
Q

MHCII + CD4 creates-

103
Q

The first time the body sees an antigen =

A

Primary Response

104
Q

The second exposure to an antigen, usually much faster and robust in terms of IgG production =

A

Secondary Reaction

105
Q

The time it takes for the body to detect a pathogen + Mount an antibody response =

A

Lag Period

106
Q

Response against antigens encountered in daily life =

A

Naturally Acquired

107
Q

Response to antigens introduced via a vaccine =

A

Artificially Acquired

108
Q

Serum contains a variety of antibodies. When used for passive immunotherapy, serum is called-

109
Q

IV administration of antibodies to a patient =

A

Passive Immunotherapy

110
Q

What can be used against viral diseases like Hep A & B, Measles, Rabies, Ebola, Chicken Pox, Covid, & Shingles =

A

Passive Immunotherapy

111
Q

Are virulent microbes used in vaccines?

A

No because they cause disease

112
Q

What is it called whenever you take a pathogen and reduce its virulence?

A

Attenuation

113
Q

Repeated injections of antisera can trigger allergic reactions called-

A

Serum Sickness

114
Q

Types of vaccines:

A

Attenuated (modified live) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Combination vaccines
Nucleic acid vaccines

115
Q

Weaker than live vaccines, but safer than live vaccines =

A

Inactive (Killed) Vaccines

116
Q

Protection provided all individuals in a population due to the inability of a pathogen to effectively spread when a large proportion of individuals (~75%) are resistant =

A

Herd Immunity

117
Q

Problems associated with immunization:

A

Mild Toxicity
Risk of Anaphylactic Shock
Residual Virulence from Attenuated Viruses

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

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