Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Ch 24 Digestive System Infections > Flashcards

Ch 24 Digestive System Infections Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The digestive system structure is divided into what 2 groups?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The pathway from the mouth to the anus =

A

GI Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Organs involved in grinding food or providing digestive secretions =

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The tongue, teeth, and salivary glands are all-

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are all-

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are all-

A

Almost free of any microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What prevents microbial colonization in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum?

A

Peristalsis + the rapid transport of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the most prevalent microbe on the tongue, teeth, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum?

A

Species of Streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The microbiota in the lower small intestine and colon are-

A

Microbial Antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The microbial antagonists in the lower small intestine and colon do what for the body?

A

Protect the body by outcompeting pathogens.

Produce vitamins, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin K.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The mucous membrane does what for the body?

A

Prevents entry of microbes into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Erosions of the linings of either the stomach or small intestine =

A

Peptic Ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ulcers that pierce the stomach or intestine are called-

A

Perforations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A Perforation can cause-

A

Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Abdominal pain is the main symptom of-

A

Peptic Ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and symptoms of Peptic Ulcers includes:

A

Abdominal Pain
Nausea
Vomiting (With or Without Blood)
Weight Loss
Burping
Loss of Appetite
Chest Pain
Black Tarlike Stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peptic Ulcers are caused by what bacteria?

A

Helicobacter pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does H. pylori cause Peptic Ulcers?

A

It invades mucous, its toxins and inflammation cause the layer of mucous to become thin, gastric acid then destroys the epithelial tissue and underlying tissue (Causing an ulcer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many people develop Peptic Ulcers per year?

A

456,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much of the population is infected by Peptic Ulcers?

A

2 thirds of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some risk factors for Peptic Ulcers?

A

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Excessive Alcohol Consumption, Smoking, Family History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can worsen Ulcer symptoms?

A

Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can you diagnose Peptic Ulcers?

A

X-ray to identify Ulcers

Presence of H. pylori in stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by bacteria =

A

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bacterial Gastroenteritis is associated with-

A

Contaminated food or water and poor living conditions/lack of sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the manifestations of Bacterial Gastroenteritis?

A

Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal Pain + Cramps + Malaise + Fever + Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment of Bacterial Enteritis includes-

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Most E. coli Gastroenteritis are-

A

Harmless, but others can cause severe diarrheal illnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does E. coli Gastroenteritis spread?

A

Contaminated food/water, direct contact with animals/people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the risk groups for E. coli Gastroenteritis?

A

Elderly, Pregnant, Immunocompromised, and Travelers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some symptoms of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?

A

Causes Traveler’s Diarrhea (Common in less developed countries).

It is a relatively mild condition that is self-limiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What’s the most dangerous types of E. coli that can cause epidemics?

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Manifestations of EHEC are-

A

Bloody Diarrhea, Severe Cramping, No Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

EHEC produces a toxin called-

A

Verotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Verotoxin can cause-

A

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is HUS?

A

A type of kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can EHEC be diagnosed?

A

Presence of Verotoxin Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Salmonella enterica lives in-

A

The intestines of virtually all vertebrates, especially reptiles and are eliminated in feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Can S. enterica be a part of the normal microbiome of some humans?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many unique strains of Salmonella are there?

How many species?

A

2,100 Unique Strands

Just 1 Species (Salmonella enterica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What strains of Salmonella can cause Salmonellosis?

A

Enteritidis and Typhimurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does Salmonella spread?

A

Via contaminated food (usually eggs and poultry) and water, direct animal contact, rarely person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does Salmonellosis occur?

A

Salmonella passes through intestinal cells into the bloodstream where they are phagocytized.

Salmonella can survive phagocytosis, and therefore becomes disseminated throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Disruption of the intestinal cells can cause-

A

Tissue damage and inflammation leading to fluid leakage and diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Symptoms of Salmonellosis develop within how long after infection?

A

6-4 Hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Patients with Salmonellosis experience-

A

Fever + Headache + Muscle Pain + Loss of Appetite for a week or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do you diagnose Salmonellosis?

A

Finding Salmonella in stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Symptoms of salmonellosis develop within how long after infection?

A

6 hours to 4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

5-10 clear, watery, foul-smelling bowel movements per day =

A

Clostridium difficile (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea

50
Q

What occurs during extreme cases of Clostridium difficile (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea?

A

Pseudomembranes colitis

51
Q

Clostridium difficile is a part of the normal microbiome in the large intestine of what % of adults?

A

5%

52
Q

What facilitates the growth of Clostridium difficile?

A

Antimicrobials

53
Q

Clostridium difficile produces what 2 toxins?

A

Toxin A

Toxin B

54
Q

What are the manifestations of Pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Life-threatening, involves inflammation, more than 10 bloody stools per day, and Pseudomembranes

55
Q

What are Pseudomembranes?

A

(Lesions composed of connective tissue, dying leukocytes and dead colon cells).

56
Q

What do the toxins produced by C. Diff mediate?

A

Inflammation + Pseudomembrane Formation

57
Q

What does Toxin A do?

A

Breaks down junctions between colon cells triggering loss of fluid

58
Q

What does Toxin B do?

A

Kills colon cells + Induces lesion formation

59
Q

Any antibiotic can cause this disease and it is a byproduct of modern medicine =

A

C. Diff

60
Q

What % of hospital pt’s carry C. Diff?

A

~20%

61
Q

What are the risk groups for C. Diff?

A

Elderly, Burn Patients, Pt’s with Kidney Failure

Pt’s Recovering from Abdominal Surgery

Pt’s with History of Pseudomembranous colitis

62
Q

How is C. Diff diagnosed?

A

Presence of bacterial toxin in stool or colonoscopy

63
Q

How is C. Diff treated?

A

Antimicrobials + Experimental Fecal Transplants

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of food poisoning:

A

Nausea + Vomiting + Diarrhea + Cramping

65
Q

What is Bacterial Food Poisoning caused by?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

66
Q

Diagnosis of Food Poisoning is-

A

Usually based on signs and symptoms

67
Q

What is treatment of Food Poisoning like?

A

It usually passes on its own but it can be supported with F&E Replacement

68
Q

What bacteria is responsible for food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked seafood?

A

Vibrio vulnificus

69
Q

What % of people with food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus die?

A

1 in 5

70
Q

When should you seek medical attention if you have food poisoning caused by undercooked seafood?

A

If it goes on for longer than 3 days

71
Q

Vibrio vulnificus associated food poisoning is usually a mild disease that lasts about 3 days. What are the manifestations?

A

Watery Diarrhea, Cramps, Nausea, Fever, Vomiting

72
Q

Treatment of V. vulnicans is-

A

Not usually necessary, but pt’s should drink plenty of fluids

73
Q

Avoid eating undercooked shellfish or contact with salty or brackish water if you-

A

Have a wound

74
Q

Why should you avoid eating undercooked shellfish or contact with salty or brackish water if you have a wound?

A

Wound infection can lead to Necrotizing Fasciitis

75
Q

Diagnosis of V. vulnificus is based on-

A

Symptoms and whether patient has recently eaten raw or undercooked seafood.

Can also detect V. vulnificus in stool, wound, or blood

76
Q

Macroscopic, multicellular worms =

A

Helminths

77
Q

These can infect the GI Tract as Non-Disease-Causing Parasites =

A

Helminths

78
Q

How many categories of Helminths are of importance to humans? What are they called?

A

Roundworms (Nematodes) + Flatworms (Platyhelminths)

79
Q

Pinworm, Hookworm, Trichinella are all examples of-

A

Roundworms

80
Q

Ancylostoma (fluke) + Taenia sp. (tapeworms) are both examples of-

A

Flatworms

81
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Tapeworm Infections?

A

Usually Asymptomatic

Nausea, Abdominal Pain, Weight Loss, & Diarrhea may occur

82
Q

What are the different types of tapeworm?

A

Taenia saginata: Beef Tapeworm

Taenia solium: Pork Tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum: Fish Tapeworm

83
Q

Tapeworms can be how long?

A

4-8 Meters

84
Q

Where do Tapeworms develop into adults?

A

The Intestine

85
Q

How are Tapeworms diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by presence of proglottids in fecal sample

86
Q

How are Tapeworms treated?

A

Antiparasitic Drugs

87
Q

How do you prevent tapeworms?

A

Thoroughly cooking meat

88
Q

Round worm that is ingested when eating undercooked, infected meat such as pork, boar or bear =

A

Trichinosis

89
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Trichinosis begin how many days after ingesting the undercooked meat?

A

1-2 Days

90
Q

What are Signs and Symptoms of Trichinosis?

A

Abdominal symptoms like diarrhea, pain and flu-like symptoms

91
Q

Is Trichinosis fatal?

A

Rarely

92
Q

Antiparasitic drugs available to kill adult worms, but-

A

killing larvae in tissue is difficult

93
Q

How do you diagnose Trichinosis?

A

Usually based on symptoms, history, and looking for antibodies against the parasite

94
Q

Are pinworms only transmitted among humans?

A

Yes

95
Q

What are the manifestations of Pinworm Infestation?

A

Perianal itching, irritability, and decreased appetite

One-third of cases are asymptomatic

96
Q

What are Pinworm Infections caused by?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

97
Q

How is Pinworm spread?

A

Females deposit eggs in the perianal region at night

Eggs can be dislodged and spread the disease

98
Q

As many as one-third of American children are affected by-

A

Pinworm Infestation

99
Q

What are the manifestations of Viral Gastroenteritis

A

Similar to those of bacterial gastroenteritis

Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever

Dehydration is common complication

100
Q

How long do Viral Gastroenteritis infections last?

A

3-8 Days

101
Q

What is Viral Gastroenteritis caused by?

A

Caliciviruses, Astroviruses, Rotaviruses

102
Q

What causes 90% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Noroviruses

103
Q

Viral Gastroenteritis is common in confined places such as-

A

Cruise Ships

104
Q

Does a vaccine for rotavirus exist?

A

Yes

105
Q

How do you diagnose a Rotavirus Infection?

A

Serological test distinguishes among viruses

106
Q

Treatment of Rotavirus Infection involves-

A

F&E Replacement

107
Q

Rotaviruses are an important cause of-

A

Childhood deaths in developing countries

108
Q

That are the manifestations of Viral Hepatitis?

A

Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, and weight loss

Symptoms may occur years after initial infection

109
Q

Hepatitis is a general term meaning-

A

Inflammation of the liver

110
Q

Viral Hepatitis generally has long incubation periods ranging from-

A

~15 to 120 Days

111
Q

Transmitted in feces-contaminated food or water
Patients release virions in feces and are infective even without developing symptoms
“Infectious hepatitis” is usually mild and 99% recover fully =

A

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

112
Q

Parenteral transmission, crosses placenta, exposure to infectious blood or body fluids like semen and saliva =

A

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

113
Q

Parenteral transmission, IV drug use =

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

114
Q

Parenteral transmission (contact with infected blood).
Uncommon in US, requires the person to already be infected with HBV so that it can replicate =

A

Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV)

115
Q

Transmitted by feces-contaminated drinking water. Not common in the US =

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

116
Q

A common name for the Hepatitis E Virus is-

A

Enteric Hepatitis

117
Q

Note that HBV, HCV, and HDV are enveloped viruses, but HAV and HEV are-

A

Naked Viruses

118
Q

Initial diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis is made by-

A

Observation of jaundice, enlarged liver, or fluid in the abdomen

119
Q

Aside from observing for jaundice, enlarged liver, and fluid in the abdomen, what other things can be done to diagnose Viral Hepatitis?

A

General lab testing to assess liver function

Serological testing can identify viral antigens

HBV diagnosed by viral proteins in body fluids

120
Q

What can be done to give supportive care for someone with Viral Hepatitis?

A

Antivirals available to help reduce viral load

121
Q

How can Viral Hepatitis be prevented?

A

Prevented with good hygiene and protected sex or abstinence

Vaccines are available against HAV and HBV

HAV vaccine is also protective against HEV

HBV vaccine is also protective against HDV

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions