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Ch 22 Respiratory Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Respiratory System divided into?

A

The Lower + Upper Respiratory System

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2
Q

Collects air, filters dust, pollen, microbes and other contaminants from the air and delivers it to the lower respiratory organs =

A

Upper Respiratory System

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3
Q

The upper respiratory system is colonized by-

A

A lot of microbes

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4
Q

Some of the normal microbiome of the upper respiratory system may be-

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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5
Q

What’s the fancy word for Strep Throat?

A

Pharyngitis

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6
Q

What are some things that you would assess from a head to toe assessment for someone with Strep Throat?

A

Dark Red, Swollen Tonsils Dotted with Pus
Swollen Lymph Nodes Behind Jaw

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7
Q

Fever is a temp above-

A

100.4 F

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8
Q

What is Strep often accompanied by?

A

Fever, Malaise, Headache

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9
Q

What is Malaise?

A

A general feeling of being unwell

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10
Q

What can occur if an infection reaches the lower respiratory tract?

A

Laryngitis + Bronchitis

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11
Q

What are the complications that can occur 1-3 weeks after Pharyngitis has resolved?

A

Scarlet Fever
Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Acute Glomerulonephritis are a fancy name for-

A

Kidney Disease

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13
Q

Inflammation that leads to damage of the heart valves + muscle =

A

Rheumatic Fever

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14
Q

Toxins trigger fever and rash that begins on chest and spreads across the body; tongue becomes strawberry red. Rash disappears after a week as skin sloughs =

A

Scarlet Fever

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15
Q

How does Strep Throat spread?

A

Respirator Droplets (Within 5 feet of another person)
Fomites
Direct Contact (With sores from Impetigo Blisters)

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16
Q

How long is the Incubation Period for Strep Throat?

A

2-5 Days

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17
Q

Strep Throat occurs most often in the-

A

Winter and Spring among Elementary + Middle School children

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18
Q

How is Viral Pharyngitis different from normal Pharyngitis?

A

It has more symptoms (Cough, Runny Nose, etc.) and it’s caused by a virus instead of a bacteria

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19
Q

What is Pharyngitis often confused with?

A

Viral Pharyngitis

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20
Q

What % of people diagnosed with Strep actually have it?

A

50%

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21
Q

What does the sure diagnosis of Pharyngitis require?

A

Serological Testing

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22
Q

What is Serological Testing?

A

Testing for pt antibotidies to the pathogen in question

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23
Q

What’s an effective treatment for Strep?

A

Oral Penicillin

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24
Q

Are Sore Throat and Strep Throat the same thing?

A

Nah

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25
Q

Group A of Streptococcus Bacteria is what causes Strep. If the throat is being bothered by bacteria other than this or by a virus, then it is called a-

A

Sore Throat

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26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Diphteria?

A

Sore Throat, Localized Pain, Fever.
Presence of a Pseudomembrane that can Obstruct Airways.

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27
Q

The thickened state of the oozing fluid in the throat which is made of intracellular fluid, blood-clotting factors, leukocytes, bacteria and dead cells =

A

Pseudomembrane

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28
Q

How tough can a Pseudomembrane be?

A

It may become so tough that it can’t be dislodged without ripping the underlying tissue (Thus causing bleeding)

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29
Q

A Pseudomembrane can lead to-

A

Suffocation (If it covers the throat opening entirely)

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30
Q

What bacteria causes Diphteria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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31
Q

C. diphtheriae produces-

A

Diphtheria Toxin

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32
Q

What does Diphteria Toxin do?

A

Prevents protein synthesis + Causes cell death. Leads to the formation of a Pseudomembrane

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33
Q

How is Diphtheria spread?

A

Respiratory Droplets or Skin Contact

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34
Q

What types of people is Diphtheria symptomatic in?

A

Immunocompromised or Unvaccinated Kids

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35
Q

Leading cause of death among unimmunized children =

A

Diphteria

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36
Q

What vaccine protects against Diphteria?

A

The DTap

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37
Q

How is Diphtheria treated?

A

Antitoxin + Antibiotics

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38
Q

What pathogens can cause Pneumonia?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa

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39
Q

In general, what is Pneumonia?

A

Lung Inflammation with Fluid-Filled Alveoli & Bronchioles

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40
Q

What type of Pneumonia is the most serious and also the most frequent in adults?

A

Bacterial Pneumonia

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41
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia Symptoms:

A

Fever, Chills, Congestion, Cough, Chest Pain, SOB, Tachypnea

Blood enters the lungs, which causes a characteristic rust-colored sputum

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42
Q

What causes Pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

Inhalation of bacteria from respiratory droplets

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43
Q

How is Pneumococcal pneumonia diagnosed?

A

By identifying Gram-Positive diplococci in sputum smears

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44
Q

What’s the drug of choice for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

A

Penicillin

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45
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia makes up what % of cases of bacterial pneumonia?

A

85%

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46
Q

What types of people does Pneumococcal Pneumonia like to target?

A

Children, Elderly, AIDs Patients, Diabetics, etc.

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47
Q

What vaccines protect against Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

A

PCV13 (Given to kids under 2 years old)

PPSV23 (Given to adults that are 65+)

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48
Q

Leading type of Pneumonia in Children and Young Adults =

A

Primary Atypical (Myoplasmal) Pneumonia

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49
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia =

A

Fever, Malaise, Sore Throat, Excessive Sweating

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50
Q

How long might the symptoms of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia last for?

A

Weeks

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51
Q

What is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia also called?

A

Walking Pneumonia or Atypical Pneumonia

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52
Q

Name the different Bacterial Pneumonias:

A

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
Klebsiella Pneumonia

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53
Q

How does Mycoplasmal Pneumonia spread?

A

Requires prolonged contact with an infected person + Spreads via nasal secretions

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54
Q

Is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia difficult to diagnose?

A

Yup

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55
Q

How is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia treated?

A

With Antibiotics

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56
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms:

A

Pneumonia Symptoms + Bloody Sputum + Chills

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57
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia spreads via-

A

Person to person contact, not through the air

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58
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of-

A

Nosocomial Deaths

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59
Q

What does Klebsiella Pneumonia do?

A

Kills Alveolar Cells + Invades the Blood (Bacteremia)

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60
Q

Klebsiella is diagnosed by using-

A

Sputum Samples

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61
Q

What is Klebsiella Pneumonia treated with?

A

Antibiotics

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62
Q

Prevention of Klebsiella Pneumonia includes-

A

Good antiseptic technique by healthcare workers

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63
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia is treated with-

A

Antibiotics

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64
Q

What causes Currant Jelly Sputum?

A

Klebsiella Pneumonia

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65
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease is a severe form of-

A

Atypical Pneumonia

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66
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

Cough + SOB + Fever + Nausea + Vomiting + Confusion + Aches + Shock

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67
Q

10% of patients who get this disease, will die from it:

A

Legionnaire’s Disease

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68
Q

What is Legionnaire’s Disease caused by?

A

The bacteria called Legionella pneumophila

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69
Q

How does Legionella pneumophila affect people (Thus causing Legionnaire’s Disease)?

A

By Contaminating Water Systems

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70
Q

Respiratory disease that’s transmitted from inhalation of water droplets that contain a certain bacteria =

A

Legionnaire’s Disease

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71
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease is usually transmitted in institutional settings with large, undermaintained water systems like-

A

Hospitals, large buildings, etc.

(Can include things like hot tubs and fountains too)

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72
Q

Who are the people that are at the greatest amount of risk for Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

People with underlying lung damage (Smokers, Immunocompromised People, Elderly)

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73
Q

How can you diagnose Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

Urine Tests + Sputum Analysis aid in diagnosis

74
Q

How do you treat Legionnaire’d Disease?

A

Pt’s are often hospitalized + put on ventilators.

Give Antibiotics.

75
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Legionnaire’s Disease?

A

There are none

76
Q

The incubation period for Legionnaire’s Disease is-

A

2-10 Days

77
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Inhalation Anthrax?

A

Initially resembles a flu.

Progresses to severe coughing, lethargy, shock, and death.

78
Q

How does Inhalation Anthrax spread?

A

Doesn’t spread from person to person.

Acquired by contact or inhalation of endospores.

79
Q

Anthrax is typically considered to be what kind of a disease?

A

A Zoonotic Disease (Because it’s usually acquired by people who handle animals/animal products.)

80
Q

Anthrax can be a risk for people other than animal workers, such as-

A

Mail Carriers, Healthcare Workers, Travelers

81
Q

Anthrax can be a-

A

Bioterrorism Agent

82
Q

How is Inhalation Anthrax diagnosed?

A

Sputum Inspection

83
Q

How do you treat Inhalation Anthrax?

A

Early and aggressive antimicrobial treatment

84
Q

What % of patients die of Inhalation Anthrax regardless of treatment?

A

55%

85
Q

Anthrax vaccine is available for-

A

Specific People (Usually Military Personnel or Healthcare Workers)

86
Q

Ingestion of spores from undercooked meat =

A

GI Anthrax

87
Q

What % of GI Anthrax cases are fatal if untreated?

A

50%

88
Q

GI Anthrax usually occurs how long after exposure?

A

1-7 Days

89
Q

What are the symptoms of GI Anthrax?

A

They vary because it can affect different aspects of the digestive system from the throat to the intestines

90
Q

What is it called whenever spores break into the skin, germinate into vegetable cells that release toxins, and damage tissue, forming necrotic lesions?

A

Cutaneous Anthrax

91
Q

About 90% of people with TB -

A

Don’t show symptoms

92
Q

The leading disease killer in the world, incidence has declined in the industrialized world =

A

Tuberculosis

93
Q

What are some initial TB symptoms?

A

Initially limited to minor cough and mild fever (or may be asymptomatic)

94
Q

TB spreads via-

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

95
Q

What are the different types of TB?

A

Primary Tuberculosis
Secondary Tuberculosis
Disseminated Tuberculosis

96
Q

Primary TB occurs over the course of-

A

A Few Months

97
Q

Secondary TB occurs in what % of people?

A

10%

98
Q

When the bacteria enter the blood and travel from lungs to other organs to establish infection there =

A

Disseminated TB

99
Q

Bacteria infect lungs. As immune cells are drawn in to fight the infection, the bacteria also infect these cells. As more and more immune cells come in, these immune cells wall off the infected immune cells forming a characteristic tubercle (a sort of nodule) =

A

Primary TB

100
Q

The bacteria can remain in the tubercles for many years until the individual experiences some sort of stress like a secondary infection, poor nutrition, drug/alcohol abuse, etc. The bacteria burst from the tubercles, reestablishing an active infection =

A

Secondary TB

101
Q

One third of the world’s population is infected with-

A

TB

102
Q

Secondary TB occurs with people-

A

With Alcoholism, People who’re Elderly, People who’re Immunocompromised

103
Q

What type of vaccine is available for TB?

A

The BCG Vaccine

104
Q

What can be used to diagnose TB?

A

The TB Skin Test

Chest X-Ray

105
Q

Pertussis is the fancy name for-

A

Whooping Cough

106
Q

Whooping Cough signs and symptoms =

A

Initially cold-like, then characteristic cough develops

107
Q

Pertussis progresses through how many phases? How long is each stage?

A

4.

Each stage is 1-2 Weeks.

108
Q

How long are you in the incubation phase of Pertussis?

A

5-10 days, 21 days at maximum

109
Q

What are the phases of pertussis in order?

A

Incubation Period, Catarrhal Stage, Paroxysmal Stage, Convalescent Stage

110
Q

How long is the Catarrhal Stage of Pertussis?

A

1-2 Weeks

111
Q

How long is the Paroxysmal Stage of Pertussis?

A

1-6 Weeks

112
Q

How long is the Convalescent Stage of Pertussis?

A

Weeks to Months

113
Q

How long are you communicable with Pertussis?

A

From the start of the Catarrhal Stage to midway through the Paroxysmal Stage

114
Q

What symptoms do you gain during the Catarrhal Stage of Pertussis?

A

Low grade fever
Head Cold
Mild Cough

115
Q

What symptoms do you gain during the Paroxysmal Stage of Pertussis?

A

Coughing Fits (These can result in Vomiting + Exhaustion).
These coughing fits can be intense enough to bust the blood vessels in your eyes.

40-50 of these fits can occur in a day.

116
Q

What’s the most common childhood respiratory disease?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection

117
Q

Signs and symptoms of RSV =

A

Fever + Runny Nose + Coughing in babies or Immunocompromised people

Mild cold-like symptoms in older adults and adults

118
Q

Leading respiratory killer of infants worldwide =

A

RSV

119
Q

Leading cause of Bronchiolitis + Pneumonia in kids under 1 year old =

A

RSV

120
Q

RSV can cause some kids to develop Tracheobronchitis, also known as-

A

Croup

121
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Croup?

A

Breathing Difficulty + Barking Cough

122
Q

What does RSV cause to form in the lungs?

A

Syncytia

123
Q

Large, multinucleated cells formed from the fusion of a virally infected cell with neighboring uninfected cells =

A

Syncytia

124
Q

What are some things that can make you acquire RSV?

A

Close contact with someone infected.

Respiratory droplets are less frequent but still occur.

125
Q

98% of kids in day care centers get RSV by what age?

A

3 Years Old

126
Q

How is RSV diagnosed?

A

Immunoassay to detect antibodies

127
Q

Treatment for children with RSV =

A

Is just supportive

128
Q

First RSV vaccine approved by FDA in May 2023; for adults 60 and older =

A

Arexvy

129
Q

Approved by FDA in May 2023; for use in pregnant people =

A

Abrysvo

130
Q

To protect infants: what vaccine was approved in July 2023; is a monoclonal antibody (Protects infants from 8-19 months old; no long-term protection) =

A

Nirsevimab

131
Q

Common Cold signs and symptoms =

A

Sneezing + Runny Nose + Congestion + Sore Throat + Malaise + Cough

132
Q

Enteroviruses are also called-

A

Rhiniviruses

133
Q

Rhinoviruses are highly infective. A single virus can cause illness in what % of pt’s?

A

50 %

134
Q

People of all ages are susceptible to the -

A

Common Cold

135
Q

What are 2 recently emerging diseases that are caused by Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes?

A

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

136
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes?

A

High Fever, SOB, Difficulty Breathing.

Later, pt’s will develop dry cough and pneumonia.

137
Q

How do Coronaviruses spread?

A

Via Respiratory Droplets.

They spread from the lungs to the heart and kidneys.

138
Q

The diagnosis of coronaviruses is based on-

A

Signs and symptoms

139
Q

The treatment for coronaviruses is-

A

Supportive

140
Q

Signs and symptoms of Influenza =

A

Pharyngitis + Congestion + Cough + Muscle Pain

Sudden Fever distinguishes the Flu from the Cold

141
Q

Compare the Flu to the Cold:

A

The flu has a higher fever, more severe aches & pains, more severe fatigue.

Nasal congestion and sneezing are rare for the flu, but common for the cold.

142
Q

How is Influenza transmitted?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

143
Q

How long’s the incubation period for the flu?

A

~1 Day

144
Q

How long does it take to recover from Influenza?

A

~ 2 Weeks

145
Q

The flu can leave a pt susceptible to-

A

Secondary bacterial infections (like Pneumonia)

146
Q

Who does Influenza usually effect?

A

Kids and Adults that are 65+

147
Q

How do you treat the flu?

A

Oseltamivir + Zanamivir (Tamiflu) can be given within the first 2 days of infection

148
Q

How effective are the flu vaccines?

A

~40-60 % Effective

149
Q

Signs and symptoms of Measles (Rubeola) =

A

High fever (103 F), Sore Throat, Headache, Cough, Conjunctivitis

150
Q

Symptoms appear how long after exposure to Measles?

A

7-14 Days

151
Q

What is Rubeola characterized by?

A

Koplik’s Spots

152
Q

When do Koplik’s Spots appear? How long do they last? These are what definitively diagnose Measles.

A

2-3 days after symptoms begin.
They last 1-2 Days.

153
Q

3-5 days after the initial symptoms of Measles start, what develops?

A

A Rash

154
Q

What are some rare complications from Rubeola?

A

Pneumonia, Encephalitis, Deafness, Blindness, Subcutaneous Sclerosing Panencephalitis

155
Q

Progressive disease of the nervous system that develops 5-10 years after measles =

A

Subcutaneous Sclerosing Panencephalitis

156
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Subcutaneous Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

A

Memory Loss + Personality Changes + Muscle Spasms + Blindness + Death

157
Q

Infects cells of the respiratory tract before spreading throughout body via lymph and blood =

A

Measles

158
Q

The presence of Viruses in the blood =

A

Viremia

159
Q

Measles are fatal for what % of infected children?

A

1-3% (But with more Virulent strains, mortality rate can rise to 15%)

160
Q

How long does it take for a rash caused by Measles to go away?

A

~A Week

161
Q

Signs and symptoms of Rubella =

A

Children develop a mild rash, typically harmless in children, lasts about 3 days

Fever, usually lower than what’s seen with measles

Adults may develop arthritis and encephalitis

Congenital infection can result in birth defects or death of fetus

162
Q

How does Rubella spread?

A

Respiratory Droplets (This can spread for 2 weeks before and after the rash)

163
Q

How do you diagnose Rubella?

A

Observation of Rash + Serological Testing

164
Q

What is Serological Testing?

A

Detection of antibodies to a virus

165
Q

Chickenpox is highly contagious. What are its signs and symptoms?

A

Characterized by lesions on the back and trunk that spread across body

Accompanied by fever and chills

Virus becomes latent within sensory nerves

166
Q

When does Shingles occur?

A

It follows the reactivation of viruses, usually many years later

167
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Shingles?

A

Lesions are localized to skin along an infected nerve, usually the face or trunk
(Pain may last after lesions have healed)

168
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) causes-

A

Shingles + Chickenpox

169
Q

How does the transmission of Chickenpox and Shingles occur?

A

Direct contact with virus in skin lesions/liquid from lesions or from inhalation of material from the skin lesion

170
Q

Infection spreads from the respiratory tract to the skin via blood and lymph =

A

Chickenpox + Shingles

171
Q

Chickenpox is usually-

A

A Mild Disease

172
Q

Chickenpox occurs mostly for-

A

Children

173
Q

What’s the incubation period for Chickenpox?

A

~2 Weeks

174
Q

How long are people with Chickenpox usually infectious for before the rash starts?

A

~2 Days

175
Q

Chickenpox is more severe for-

A

Adults

176
Q

15-20% of people who’ve had Chickenpox will develop-

A

Shingles

177
Q

What increases the risk of Shingles?

A

Age, Stress, Immunosuppression

178
Q

If a person has Shingles, then they-

A

Cannot pass it to others, but they can cause a person to contract Chickenpox

179
Q

How are Chickenpox + Shingles diagnosed?

A

The inspection of the characteristic lesions

180
Q

What can be used to treat Shingles?

A

Acyclovir

181
Q

Does a Shingles Vaccine exist?

A

Yes

Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards (18 decks)

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