Chapter 16 Epidemiology Flashcards
The study of where & when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations =
Epidemiology
Study of the causes of diseases =
Etiology
Epidemiology includes -
Etiology
Epidemiology wasn’t established until the -
Mid 1800s
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection =
Reservoirs
Is it possible for a pathogen to have more than 1 reservoir?
Yes
How many types of reservoirs? What are they called?
3.
Animal Reservoir,
Human Carriers,
Nonliving Reservoir.
Diseases that naturally spread from animal hosts to humans =
Zoonoses
Most pathogens have preferred host, or what you’d call a-
Definitive Host
When a non-infected person get’s contaminated by another person and can give it to others even though they themselves aren’t infected by it =
Passive Carrier
A infected person gives an infection to another person =
Active Carrier
Active carrier who doesn’t show symptoms =
Asymptomatic
A pathogen going from a a reservoir / portal of exit to another person’s portal of entry =
Transmission
How many groups of transmission are there? What are they called?
3.
Contact Transmission,
Vehicle Transmission,
Vector Transmission.
Transmission within a single person (EX: Warts spreading from one site of the body to another) =
Autoinoculation
Pathogens transmitted from a mother to their child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding =
Vertical Direct Transmission
Types of direct transmission that aren’t between mother and child =
Horizontal Direct Transmission
Inanimate objects that are inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts =
Fomites
The distance of droplet transmission is limited to-
Less than a meter from the body
Spread of pathogens by air, drinking water, food, and body fluids handled outside the body =
Vehicle Transmission
When pathogens travel more than 1 meter via an aerosol =
Airborne Transmission
Sneezing, coughing, air-conditioning systems, sweeping dust particles into the air are all-
Aerosols
Vehicle transmission via food and/or water can be described by the term-
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Vector transmission can be-
Biological or Mechanical
Mechanical Vectors =
The passive transmission of a pathogen from a bug to a human
Biological Vectors =
The active transmission of a pathogen from a bug to a human
Disease occurrence is tracked using what 2 measurements?
Incidence & Prevalence
Number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given number of time =
Incidence
Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time =
Prevalence
State of being diseased =
Morbidity
Number of diseased people out of a standard number of people in the population =
Morbidity Rate
Few, scattered, or isolated cases =
Sporadic
Local, Common, Non-Compact Case Locations =
Endemic
Local Outbreak, Compact Case Locations =
Epidemic
Pandemic =
Global Spread, Compact Case Locations All Over
HAI’s (Hospital Associated Infections) are also known as-
Nosocomial Infections
