Phylogeny&SystematicsLEC18 Flashcards

1
Q

What expains the sudden disappearance in fossil records?

A

Punctuacted Equilibrium!

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2
Q

What is similarity due to convergent evolution called, that is one miss-step in making a phylogeny?
Ex. moles from two different place.

A

Analogy!
Not homology that has similarity due to shared ancestry.
Analogous traits look similar but are not due to relatedness.

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3
Q

Is each phylogeny a hypthesis?

A

Yes!

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4
Q

What occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations in unrelated organisms?

A

Convergent evolution!

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5
Q

What is the grouping of organisms into categories based on their similarities?

A

Taxonomy!

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6
Q

What connects taxonomy with evolutionay history? Is it hard to get it right?

A

Phylogenetic systematics!

Its really difficult.

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7
Q

Who developed the two-part format for the scientific name of an organism? What is it called?

A

Linnaeus!

This is Binomial nomenclature.

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8
Q

What is the group of taxa including an ancestor and all of its descendants?

A

A Clade!

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9
Q

What is a graphic depiction of a clade?

A

Cladogram!

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10
Q

What is a valid clade that consists of the ancestor species and all of its descendants?

A

a monophyletic clade

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11
Q

What grouping combines mutiple organisms that are not close relatives?
Ex: Pachyderms(tough skins). Elephant-Rhino-Hippo.

A

A polyphyletic grouping!

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12
Q

What is a homologous structure that predates a particular clade, shared with other taxa beyond the one we are trying to define?

A

A shared primative character!

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13
Q

What is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade?

A

Shared derived character!

Clades are defined by these evolutionary innovations.

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14
Q

What contains data from fossil record to place branches in the context of geological time?

A

An ultrametric tree!

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15
Q

The Most parismonious tree is the one that has…

A

fewest branches and simplest answer!

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16
Q

The best phylogenetic hypothesis are those that fit the most data which are…

A
  • morphological
  • molecular
  • fossil
17
Q

What is an invadid clade that consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendants?

A

A paraphyletic clade