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Pharmacology > pharmactherapeutics > Flashcards

pharmactherapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

explain repeat administration

A

is a drug that is eliminated by first order kinetics is administered repeatedly, the average plasma conc of the drug will increase to a steady state level

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2
Q

will drugs that show zero order elimination be able to reach steady state level

A

no

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3
Q

what is the time required to reach steady state level

A

5 half lives

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4
Q

how do we control the magnitude of fluctuations in steady state level

A

by using a dosing interval

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5
Q

what will a shorter dosing interval do to the fluctuations

A

decrease them

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6
Q

what will a longer dosing interval do to the fluctuations

A

increase them

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7
Q

on cessation of multidose administration what will happen to the drugs elimination

A

94-97% of the drug will be eliminated in a time interval equal to five half lives

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8
Q

how high is the mean of the plasma conc during steady state in relatio to the Cmax after first application

A

its 1.44 time higher

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9
Q

when should we use a loading dose

A

when the therapeutic conc of a drug in the plasma must be achieved rapidly

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10
Q

how do we calculate the loading dose

A

select the desired plasma conc of drug and multiply that by the Vd

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11
Q

after giving the loading dose how do we continue to administer the drug

A

at the maintenance dose rate to maintian the drug conc at the steady state

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12
Q

equation to calculate dose rate,

A

dose rate = Cl x desired drug plasma

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13
Q

whats the maintenance dose rate

A

the dose of a drug required per unti time ot maintain a steady state level in the plasma to sustain a therapeutic effect

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14
Q

how is dose rate expressed

A

mg/hour

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15
Q

what can ampicillin cause in horses

A

colitits

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16
Q

atorpine can cause what in horses

A

systemic side effects with local application

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17
Q

ivermectin effect in dogs

A

MDR1 gene, in 1/3 of collies and australian shepherds - ivermectin can lead to paralysis in sensitive animals

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18
Q

what can sulphonamides cause in dogs

A

idiosyncratic reactions

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19
Q

how can a fever affect drug action

A

reduced emptying of stomach, negative effect on absorption

20
Q

how can diarrhoea affect drug action

A

increased gut motility, decr bioavaliability, exsiccation

21
Q

how can gender affect drug action

A

in males metabolism could be faster, testosterone is a CYP3A inducer

22
Q

altered physiology to do with absorption that can be seen in older animals

A

decr gastric acid secretion, incr gastric pH, decr GI blood flow, decr pancreatic trypsin, decr GI motility

23
Q

clinical considerations of the altered physiology that can be seen in older animals

A

altered dissolution rate, possible decr absorption, time of onset delayed

24
Q

altered physiology of body composition in older animals

A

decr in total body water, decr lean body wight and inc in body fat

25
Q

clinical considerations on altered physiology of body composition in older animals

A

polar drugs tend to have decr Vd, while lipid-soluble drugs have incr Vd

26
Q

altered physiology of protein binding of older animals

A

decr in serum albumin, incr in 1-GP, incr in gamma globulins, decr RBC binding

27
Q

clinical considerations of altered physiology of protein binding

A

incr free fraction of acidic drugs, decr free fraction of basic drugs

28
Q

altered physio of metabolism of older animals

A

decr enzyme induction, decr hepatic blood flow, decr hepatic mass, decr glucoronidation

29
Q

clinical considerations of altered physio of metabolism of older animals

A

decr metabolism and clearance influenced by environmental factors

30
Q

altered physio of excretion in older animals

A

decr GFR, decr renal plasma flow, decr active secretion

31
Q

clinical considerations of altered physio of excretion in older animals

A

decr renal clearance, incr half life

32
Q

how does tolerance influence a drugs action

A

subjects reaction to a drug decreases

33
Q

whats habituation

A

force of habit, mental, not a real pyschological - weak drug dependancy

34
Q

whats addiction

A

stong pyschological and frequently physiological drug dependancy

35
Q

whats idiosyncrasy

A

individual hypersensitiveness, serious symptoms, hereditary eg doberman against phenylbutazone

36
Q

whats an allergic reaction

A

an uncommon and unwanted side effect of medication, less than 10% of adverse effects are allergic

37
Q

factors maintaining drug allergy are

A

contamination of skin, inhalation, depot preparations, chronic diseases, atropy

38
Q

four types of allergic reactions

A

anaphylactic, cytolytic, immune-complex mediated, immune complex associated, delayed or cellular

39
Q

immediate or anaphylactic reaction mechanism

A

IgE receptors of mass cells or basophile leucocytes and allergens

40
Q

is the elimination of clinical signs fast in an anaphylactic reaction

A

yes

41
Q

whats anaphylactoid reaction

A

a clinically similiar reaction to anaphylaxis but is not mediated by IgE, caused by an unknown mechanism

42
Q

cytolytic reaction mechanism

A

IgG and IgM maintained, complement activation dependant

43
Q

examples of cytolytic reactions

A

haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, cytolysis, interstitial nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus

44
Q

immune comlex associated reactions mechanism

A

immune complex formation, mainly IgG antigens

45
Q

immune-complex associated reactions examples

A

serum sickness, urticaria, drug fever, some cutaneous eruptions, vasculitis

46
Q

delayed or cellular reactions mechanism

A

T-lymphocytes and macropahges maintained hypersensitivity

47
Q

delayed or cellular reactions examples

A

contact dermatitis, morbilliform eruptions

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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