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drugs acting on vascular tone Flashcards

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1
Q

groups of drugs acting on vasoregulation

A 
organic nitrates
Ca channel blockers
alpha1 agonists
Hydralazin
PDE inhibitors
RAA system blockers
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2
Q

name an organic nitrate

A

nitroglycerin

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3
Q

effects of nitroglycerin

A

pronounced arterial and venous dilation - dilation of mesenterial veins -> shift from pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

what does nitroglycerine do to the preload and afterload

A

decreases them

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5
Q

what does nitroglycerine do to the coronary arteries

A

dilates them

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6
Q

nitroglycerine admin route

A

first pass effect orally -> Iv and sublingual

transdermal patch, ointment -> quick effect->acute heart failure or decompensated heart failure

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7
Q

nitroglycerine half life

A

short

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8
Q

nitroglycerin habituation

A

quick

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9
Q

two groups of Ca channel blockers

A

dihyropyridines

non-dihydropyridines

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10
Q

which Ca channel blockers can be used to affect vasodilation

A

amlodipine

diltiazem, verapemail

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11
Q

amlodipine effect

A

arterial vasodilation

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12
Q

amlodipine admin route

A

orally

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13
Q

amlodipine indications

A

cat hypertension

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14
Q

diltiazem, verapamil indications

A

antiarrhythmic drugs that also have some effect on hypertension, but low vessel/heart selectivity

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15
Q

name two alpha1 antagonists that can be used to affect vasodilation

A

prazosin, doxasozin

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16
Q

hydralazin effect

A

arterial vasodilator

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17
Q

hydralazin admin route

A

orally

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18
Q

PDE inhibitors that could be used as vasodilators

A

pimobendan, sildenafil

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19
Q

three groups of diuretics

A

cardial diuretics
osmotic diuretics
natiuretics

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20
Q

cardial diuretics

A

digoxin
xanthine derivatives
ACE inhibitors

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21
Q

four types of natiuretics

A

carboanyhydrase inhibitors
loop diuretics
thiazides
potassium sparing diuretics

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22
Q

which type of natiuretic has the best effect

A

loop diuretics - the loop of henle is where 80% of H2O is excreted

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23
Q

osmotic diuretics list

A

mannitol

glycerine

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24
Q

how is mannitol administered

A

IV

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25
does mannitol penetrate across membranes
no
26
is mannitol reabsorbed
no, just filtration
27
mannitol indications
life threatening oedemas acute renal failure opthalmology - glaucoma
28
carbanhydratase inhibitors mechanism of action
they block the Na-H pump - H in cells and Na in urine -> acidosis in cells and alkalosis in urine
29
where do carbanyhydratase inhibitors have their action
proximal tubule
30
carbanyhydratase inhibitors indications
heart failure glaucoma alkalising urine
31
carbanyhydratase inhibitors side effects
metabolic acidosis, other uroliths
32
carbanhydratase inhibitors for systemic use against glaucoma
acetolamide
33
carbanhydratase inhibitors for local use against glaucoma
dorzolamide, brinzolamide
34
loop diuretics mechanism of action
NKCC2 inhibition -> Na and K excretion | Mg and Ca excretion increased
35
where do loop diuretics have their effect
loop of henle
36
name two loop diuretics
furosemide, torsemide
37
furosemide half life
very short, must be applied very frequently
38
furosemide indications
heart failure oedemas oliguria, anuria
39
furosemide side effects
hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypotension, ototoxicity
40
why should furosemide be used in combinations
aldosterone escape
41
can we combine furosemide with aminoglycoside ABs
no autotoxicity
42
why should we adjust the dose of furosemide when combined with ACE inhibitors
bc they decrease the blood pressure
43
something important to check before administering furosemide in the case of acute renal failure
must make sure animal is well hydrated
44
thiazides mechanism of action
NCCT inhibition -> Na and water excretion | K excretion incr, Ca excretion decr
45
where do thiazides have their effect mostly
distal tubule
46
do we use thiazides in the case of Ca oxalate urolithiasis
yes, rarely
47
do we use thiazides in combo
yes rarely
48
name two thiazides that can be used as diuretics
chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide
49
potassium sparing diuretics list
amiloride, triameterine | aldosterone antagonists
50
what kind of antagonists are aldosterone antagonists
competitive
51
aldosterone antagonists mechanism of action
ENaC and Na/K ATPase protein expression decr, incr Na excretion, K excretion unchanged
52
name the main aldosterone antagonist
spironolactone
53
spirinolactone indications
antagonising aldosterone in CHF preventing diuretic induced aldosterone escape hyperaldosteronism
54
spirinolactone side effects
hyperkalamia - not very severe
55
spirinolactone dosage Car
1-2mg/kg PO
56
options for combined treatment of CHF in dogs
pimobendan+furosemide+spirinolactone ACE inhibitor+furosemide+spironolactone Pimobendan+ACE inhbitor
57
option for combined treatment of CHF in cats
furosemide
58
combined treatment for hypertension
amlodipine+ACE inhibitor+AT-II antagonist
59
name the four phases of blood clotting
local vasoconstriction platelet aggregation coagulation cascade thrombolysis
60
two groups of antiplatelet agents
cyclooxygenase inhibitors | ADP receptor inhibitors
61
antiplatelet COX inhibitors
acetylsalicylic acid
62
acetylsalicilylic acid species
dog, human
63
acetylsalicilylic acid duration
long
64
antiplatelet ADP receptors
clopidorgel
65
clopidogrel side effects
less frequent, inappetance, GI -> give food if GI symptoms
66
clopidogrel is a prodrug, in which organ is it metabolised
liver
67
clopidogrel half life
SID, half life huge
68
anticoagulants
VitK antagonist, warfarin | heparin
69
what does warfarin inhibit by antagonising vit K
ii, vii, ix, x clotting factor activation
70
warfarin onset of action
18-24 hours
71
warfarin admin route
orally, iv, im
72
warfarin, does it have protein binding
extensive, interactions
73
warfarin side effects
bleedings | pregnancy - malformations, neg effects on development
74
where is heparin produced
mast cells
75
heparin is acidic?
yes
76
two forms of heparin as a drug
heterogenic substance btwn 1-30kDa | low molecular weight heparin
77
which of the two forms of heparin is the safest
low molecular weight heparin
78
why is the LMWH safer to use
inhibition of thrombin is based on molecular weight has better selectivity larger therapeutic index
79
which bleeding parameter is the most important to check when adjusting the dose of heparin
APTT
80
heparin mechanism of action
antithrombin - thrombin, vii, is, x and xii clotting factors inactivation
81
non fractionated heparin substances
Na heparin, Ca heparin
82
LMWH substances
dalteparin fraxiparin enoxaparin
83
can heparin be given orally
no, give as inj
84
heparin indications
feline HCM thromboembolism DIC heartworm
85
thrombolytic agents
streptokinase
86
where is streptokinase produced
by streptococcus sp
87
possible side effects of streptokinase
immune response, anaphylaxis non selective for thrombi - bleedings reperfusion
88
due to the anaphylaxis how many times should we apply streptokinase
only once or twice at most
89
how should streptokinase be applied
parenterally
90
whats protamine
chemical antagonist of heparin
91
on which type of heparin does protamine have a greater effect
standard
92
protamine dosage
50% of heparin dosage
93
how should protamine be administered
iv, slow infusion
94
effects of etamsylat
decr bleeding time, but PT and APTT stay the same
95
etamyslat side effects
rare, large therapeutic index
96
etamyslat admin route
po, im, iv

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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