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Pharmacology > endocrine 1 > Flashcards

endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

role of hormones

A

integration and contol body functions in close co operation with nervous system

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2
Q

hormone definition

A

a chemical substance produced in one part of the body that diffuses or transported to another area where it influences activity and tends to integrate component parts of the organ

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3
Q

three chemical classes of hormones

A

amine, peptide, protein, glycoprotein
steroids
unsaturated fatty acids

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4
Q

two types of hormones

A

membrane active hormones

gene active hormones

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5
Q

where would you find membrane active hormones

A

on the surface of cells

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6
Q

where would you find gene active hormones

A

in the cytoplasm

on the cell nuclear chromatin

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7
Q

principles of hormone therapy

A 
mode of application
size of dose
physiological level
overdose,, permanent large doses
overlapping effect
incr efficacy
decr efficacy
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8
Q

examples for overlapping effect

A
  • gluco and mineralocorticoids
  • oxytocin-vasopressin
  • FSH-LH or eCG/PMSG-hCG
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9
Q

examples for increased efficacy

A
  • synthetic analogues
  • esterification, complex formation
  • enhanced synthesis
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10
Q

examples for decreased efficacy

A
  • antagonists
  • anti-hormone
  • inhibitors of hormone synthesis
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11
Q

classifications of hormones

A 
releasing and inhibitory hormones
hormones of pituitary gland
thyroid gland
endocrine pancreas
sex steroid hormones and anabolic agents
corticosteroids
pineal gland
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12
Q

where are releasing and inhibitory hormones produced

A

hypothalamus, transported via the hypophyseal portal system into the adenohypophysis

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13
Q

name releasing and inhibiting hormones

A 
GnRH
TRH
CRH
GRH
GIH
PRH
PIH
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14
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone, anterior pituitary -> releases LH and FSH -> ovary, testis

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15
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone, AP-> releases TSH -> thyroid gland

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16
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone, AP -> releases ACTH -> adrenal cortex

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17
Q

GRH

A

somatotropin releasing hormone, AP-> releases GH -> tissues

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18
Q

GIH

A

somatotropin inhibitory hormone, AP-> releases GH -> tissues

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19
Q

PRH

A

prolactin releasing hormone, AP-> releases prolactin -> mammary gland

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20
Q

PIH

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone, AP->inhibits prolactin output

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21
Q

hormones of the adenohypophysis

A 
STH
ACTH
TSH
prolactin
FSH
LH
hCG
PMSG
eCG
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22
Q

STH

A

somatotropin, growth hormone, general soma -> IGF 1

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23
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenal cortex -> aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisol

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24
Q

TSH

A

thyrotropic hormone, thyroid gland -> thyroxine

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25
Q

name two gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH

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26
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin, predominantly LH like activity

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27
Q

PMSG, eCG

A

pregnant mares serum gonadotropin, mainly FSH like activity, but LH like activity too

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28
Q

hormones of neurohypophysis

A

ADH

oxytocin

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29
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, renal tubules

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30
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine myometrium and mammary myoepithelium

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31
Q

hormones of thyroid gland

A

T3, T4

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32
Q

hormones of endocrine pancreas

A

insulin

glucagon

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33
Q

sex steroid hormones and anabolic agents

A

oestrogens
progesterone and progestagens
androgens

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34
Q

corticosteroids

A

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

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35
Q

hormones of pineal gland

A

melatonin

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36
Q

somatotropin is produced by which cell type

A

somatotroph

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37
Q

somatotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors

A

GHRH, Ghrelin

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38
Q

somatotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors

A

somatostatin

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39
Q

somatotroph main target organs

A

liver, skeletal structure

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40
Q

somatotroph hormones of the target organs

A

insulin like growth factor

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41
Q

prolactin pituitary cells

A

lactotroph

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42
Q

lactotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors

A

TRH

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43
Q

lactotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors

A

dopamine

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44
Q

lactotroph main target hormones

A

mammary gland

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45
Q

lactotroph hormones of target organs

A

not produced

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46
Q

LH and FSH pituitary cells

A

gonadotroph

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47
Q

gonadotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors

A

GnRH

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48
Q

gonadotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors

A

GnIH

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49
Q

gonadotropin main target organs

A

gonads, ovaries and testes

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50
Q

TSH pituitary cells

A

thyrotroph

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51
Q

thyrotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors

A

TRH

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52
Q

thyrotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors

A

somatostatin

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53
Q

thyrotroph main target organs

A

thyroid gland

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54
Q

ACTH pituitary cells

A

corticotroph

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55
Q

corticotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors

A

CRH

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56
Q

corticotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors

A

unknown

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57
Q

corticotroph main target organs

A

adrenal cortex

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58
Q

can somatotropin be given orally

A

no, it is ineffective

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59
Q

what hormones control the release of GH

A

GHRH

GHIH

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60
Q

release of GH is also controlled by

A

ghrelin polypeptide

plasma level of GH

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61
Q

source of ghrelin polypeptide

A

predominant source GI, hypothalamus, smaller amounts in placenta, kidney and pituitary gland

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62
Q

causes for increase of plasma GH level

A

during sleep and by hypoglycaemia, exercise, stress, alpha adrenoceptor agonists, dopamine

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63
Q

causes for decrease of plasma GH level

A

hyperglycaemia, glucocorticoids, beta adrenoceptor agonists

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64
Q

what happens in the absence of IGF1

A

laron dwarfism, treatment with recombinant IGF1 mecasermin

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65
Q

effects of GH

A

direct and partly indirect
basically anabolic action
stimulates growth
controls metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fat
promotes N retention, transport of AAs into tissues incr and accelerates their incorporation into proteins

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66
Q

what happens in disordered GH production

A

giant
acromegaly
dwarfism, defiency

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67
Q

how do we diagnose disordered GH production

A

stimulation test

68
Q

what drugs are used for stimulation test for disordered GH production diagnosis

A

clonidin
xylazine
sermirelin

69
Q

GH use

A

growth promoter - to incr milk production, meat quality
replacement therapy
Gh responsive alopeia in dog

70
Q

what can happen in overproduction of GH

A

acromegaly or gigantism

71
Q

how do we inhibit GH production

A

synthetic somatostatin analogues
D2 dopaminergic agents - presynaptic, feedback
pegvisomant - GH receptor, inhibition of IGF1 synthesis

72
Q

corticotropin effect

A

incr synthesis of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis
incr in conversion of cholesterol to pregnonlone
incr level of cortisol and corticosterone

73
Q

corticotropin use

A

incr glucocorticoid level in conditions where it is relatively or absolutely low
cattle ketosis
restore function of adrenal cortex
stimulatio test/ differential diagnosis of adrenocortical hypo/hyperplasia

74
Q

how do we give natural ACTH with porcine origin IM

A

depot preparations avaliable

75
Q

disadvantages of natural ACTH of porcine origin

A

short half life
immunogenity
orally ineffective

76
Q

CRH products avaliable

A

synthetic human and ovine corticotropin releasing hormone

77
Q

when do we use CRH

A

CRH stimulation test

78
Q

thyrotropin makeup

A

glycoprotein consists of two chains

79
Q

can you get bovine thyrotropin nowadays

A

no, only in the past, recombinant human TSH has replaced the bovine products in human clinical use

80
Q

thyrotropin effect

A

it increases iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the production and secretion of thyroid hormones

81
Q

use of thyrotropin

A

in research
treatment of acanthosis nigricans
to diagnose primary hypothyroidism TSH or biosynthetic

82
Q

ADH makeup

A

9 AAs, slight interspecies differences in AAs combo

83
Q

main function of ADH

A

control of water balance

84
Q

three types of ADH receptors

A

V1a, V1b and V2

85
Q

where is v1a receptor

A

on vascular smooth muscle cells -> vasoconstriction

86
Q

where is v1b receptor

A

anterior pituitary stimulation of ACTh

87
Q

where is V2 receptor

A

on the renal tubules -> incr water permeability and water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by insertion of aquaporin 2 channels

88
Q

use of ADH

A

diagnosis and treatment of total and partial central diabetes insipidus, seperation from diabetes melitus

89
Q

preparations of ADH

A

natural vasopressin nasal spray
synthetic analogue desmopressin, injectable oral and nasal spray dosage forms are avaliable
chlorpropamide
in DI thiazide diuretics may be used, paradoxical action

90
Q

what do we call overproduction of ADH

A

SIADH - syndrome of inappropriate ADH

91
Q

ADH receptor antagonists

A

conivaptan
tolvaptan
lixivaptan

92
Q

non specific drugs for use in SIADH

A

demeclocycline, tetracyclines, lithium, antidepressants

93
Q

conivaptan hwo do we use

A

only for iv use

94
Q

conivaptan selectivitity

A

less, also V1

95
Q

tolvaptan and lixivaptan seletivity

A

V2 receptor antagonists, po application also avaliable

96
Q

whats type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependant diabetes melitus

97
Q

whats type 2 diabetes

A

non insulin dependant diabetes melitus

98
Q

insulin makeup

A

two amino acid chains, linked by disulphide bridges, small interspecies differences in AAs sequences

99
Q

which cells produce insuli

A

pancreatic Beta cells

100
Q

insulin biosynthesis

A

preproinsulin in ER -> proinsulin -> transportation to golgi complex -> insulin -> storage in secretatory granules in complex with zinc

101
Q

how is insulin excreted

A

exocytosis

102
Q

how is insulin secretion regulated

A

mainly by glucose

103
Q

actions of insulin

A

incr intracellular uptake of glucose, AAs, FA, K+

in the cells incr glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, deposition of fat and glucose

104
Q

results of lack of insulin

A

glucose intolerance, hyperglycaemia, glucosuria
polyruai polydypsea, saluresis
weight loss
incomplete fat metabolism -> incr plasma free FAs -> ketoacidosis -> coma

105
Q

metabolism of insulin

A

relatively specific insulin degrading enzyme is rapid

106
Q

use of insulin

A

to treat diabetes melitus

ketosis and fatty liver in cattle which are non responsive to glucose of GC therapy alone

107
Q

how do we classify insulin products

A

origin
purity
formulation - regular, insulin zinc suspension

108
Q

origin of insulin products

A

natural - bovine or ovine

biosynthetic gene transfer

109
Q

regular formulation insulin

A

rapid onset, duration of action generally short, depends on route of administration -IV,SC

110
Q

insulin zinc suspension caninsulin

A

higher Zn content + acetate buffer + suspension, amorphous intermediate duration, crystalline more prolonged

111
Q

protamine zinc insulin

A

suspension of insulin + protamine sulphate + zinc chloride in buffered water
-duration 24-36hrs

112
Q

isophane insulin

A
  • suspension of Zn insulin crystals and protamine Zn in buffered water
  • cloudy or milky suspension
  • duration 12-30hrs
113
Q

surfen insulin

A

long activity, aminoquinuride surfectant

114
Q

insulin dosage

A

individual

115
Q

adverse effects of insulin

A

acute hypoglycaemia - excessive insulin dose or inadequate food intake
somogyi rebound effect - hypoglycaemia induced hyperglycaemia
allergic reaction, antibody formation

116
Q

insulin interactions with drugs that decr hypoglycaemic activity

A

GCs, dobutamine, oestrogen/progesterone, xylazine, thiazide diuretics

117
Q

insulin interactions iwth drugs that incr hypoglycaemic activity

A

anabolic steroids, beta-adrenerg blockers, MAO inhibitors, phenylbutazone, salicylates

118
Q

in which type of diabetes do we use orally active hypoglycaemic drugs

A

type 2 non insulin dependant diabetes

119
Q

name orally active hypoglycaemic drugs

A 
sulphonylurea substances
glinides
biguanides
thiazolidine diones
acarbose
120
Q

sulphonylurea substances

A 
tolbutamide - short action, cardio effect
chlorpropamide - long acting
metahexamide
glibenclamide
gliclazide
glipizide
121
Q

glipizide dose for cat

A

5mg/cat

122
Q

sulphonylurea substances actions

A 
release of insulin incr
sensitivity of the cells to insulin incr
number of receptors incr
the binding of insulin to plasma proteins decr
glucagon incr
123
Q

sulphonylurea substances side effects

A

liver toxicity, elevated CYP enzyme activity

124
Q

glinides effect

A

incr insulin secretion

125
Q

name a glinide

A

nateglinide

126
Q

name biguanides

A

fenformine
buformine
methofromine

127
Q

biguanides action

A

stimulation of the action of insulin, decr oral absorption of glucose

128
Q

thiazolidine diones effects

A

veterinary experiences are not avaliable, modulation of insulin dependant genes, reduction of blood sugar level

129
Q

acarbose effects

A

inhibition of alpha glycosidase activity in GI, less rapid elevation of blood sugar level after food consumption, also with insulin in dogs and cats

130
Q

hormones of the thyroid gland

A

calcitonin
L thyroxine
L tri iodthyronine

131
Q

effect of calcitonin

A

control of hypercalcaemia

132
Q

role of L thyroxine and L tri iodothyronine

A

TRH-TSH control - production, storage, release

133
Q

where would you find T3 and T4

A

mainly intracellularly

in plasma TBG - low non bounded fraction

134
Q

how are T3 and T4 excreted

A

mainly by faeces

135
Q

functions of T3 and T4

A

control of metabolic rate of all tissues, in conjugation with other hormones, they are necessary for normal differentiation, dvelopment and function of nervous, repro and musculo-skeletal system

136
Q

thyroid hormones effect on calorigeesis, thermo regulation

A

basal metabolic rate and O2 consumption

137
Q

thyroid hormones effect on growth and maturation

A

normal CNS development

138
Q

thyroid hormones effect on carb metabolism

A

glycogenolysis incr
glycolysis incr
anti insulin

139
Q

thyroid hormones effect on protein metabolism

A

synthesis and degradation incr

140
Q

thyroid hormones effect on cardiovascular system

A

myosin ATPase incr

beta-receptor numbers incr

141
Q

thyroid hormones effect on dermatology

A

normal hairs, fatty acids turnover in skin, normal keratin turnover

142
Q

thyroid hormones effect on neuromuscular

A

normal myelin production

143
Q

thyroid hormones effect on repro

A

maintainence of normal protein synthetic rates

144
Q

thyroid hormones effect on endocrine

A

normal secretion of GH, gonadotropins, cortisol but prolactin decr

145
Q

thyroid hormones immunologic

A

stimulation

146
Q

causes for hypothyroidism

A

a defiency of iodine, feeding cabbage
malfunction of thyroid gland itself
deficient output of TSH from pituitary gland

147
Q

alimentary hypothyroidism cause

A

defiency of iodine, feeding cabbage in ruminants

148
Q

primary hypothyroidism cause

A

malfunction of the thyroid gland itself

149
Q

secondary hypothyroidism cause

A

deficient output of TSH from the pituitary gland

150
Q

in which species do we get hyperthyroidism

A

may happen in dogs, but moreso in cats

151
Q

types of preparations for hypothyroidism

A

crude thyroid products

synthetic preparations

152
Q

name some synthetic preparations

A

L thyroxine/levothyroxine
L thyroxine Na
L tri iodothyronine

153
Q

L thyroxine/levothyroxine which species

A

dog, cat, horse - sid, bid or po

154
Q

which species do we use L thyroxine Na

A

dog iv or sc

155
Q

in which species do we use L tri iodothyronine

A

dog, tid, po

156
Q

preparations for hyperthyroidism

A

iodine
thiouracils
I131 isotope

157
Q

name the thiouracils

A

thiouracil
propylthiouracil
thiamazole
carbamazole

158
Q

mineralocorticoids production

A

renin angiotensin ACTH stimulate

159
Q

mineralocorticoids physiological role

A

incr Na reabsorption, water retention, blood-pressure, inflammatory processes

160
Q

preparations for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism

A

aldosterone
desoxycorticosterone pivalate
desoxycorticosterone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate

161
Q

side effects of preparations for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism

A

hypokalaemia, hypernatraemia, water retention, muscle weakness, hypertension, incr susceptibility to infection

162
Q

aldosterone for hypoadrenocorticism

A

only avaliable for research

163
Q

how is fludrocortisone used

A

oral use, slight GC side effect

164
Q

preparations for hyperadrenocorticism

A

pituitary dependant cushings syndrome

pituitary or adrenal dependant cushings syndrome

165
Q

pituitary dependant cushings syndrome aim

A

inhibition of ACTH synthesis and release

166
Q

pituitary dependant cushings syndrome name

A

bromocriptine
pergolid
cyproheptadine-Hcl - unproved

167
Q

preparations for pituitary or adrenal dependant cushings syndrome

A

ketocunazole
mitotane
trilostane

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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