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endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

two groups of hormones affecting repro

A

sex steroids

other types

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2
Q

sex steroids

A

oestrogens
androgens
gestagens

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3
Q

other types of repro hormones

A 
GnRH analogues
pituitary and non pituitary gonadotropins
prostaglandins
oxytocin
melatonin
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4
Q

GnRH does it have interspecies differences

A

no

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5
Q

production of GnRH

A

optic and suprachiasmatic areas of hypothalamus

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6
Q

release of GnRH

A

pulsatile and cyclic

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7
Q

GnRH actions

A

stimulation of production and release of FSH and LLH

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8
Q

uses of GnRH

A

reduce time interval from calving to 1st ovulation
treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows
control time of ovulation at end of prostaglandin or progestogen synchronisation schedule
in mares - max chance of conception and nidation
-provoke ovulation in rabbits
-seasonal acyclia in queens
-incr fertility rate in sows and fur farming
-rainbow trout - facilitate stripping, reducing egg binding
-chemical castration

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9
Q

side effects GnRH

A
  • hyperthermia, allergic reaction
  • luteal yellow body cysts
  • should not be used in pregnant animals
  • should not be used in starved, cachetic animals
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10
Q

GnRH makeup

A

synthetic 9ass forms and analogues are avaliabl

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11
Q

GnRH application

A

sc, im, sc implants, chemical sterilisation

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12
Q

GnRH items

A 
gonadorelin
buserelin
fertirelin
deslorelin
lecirelin
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13
Q

gonadorelin species

A

horse, cow, rabbit, swine

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14
Q

buserelin species

A

horse, cow, rabbit, rainbow trout

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15
Q

fertirelin species

A

cow

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16
Q

deslorelin species

A

male dogs, SC implant chemical castration - 6month duration

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17
Q

lecirelin species

A

cow

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18
Q

melatonin is produced where

A

pineal gland, shows significant diurnal fluctuations

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19
Q

melatonin role

A

plays a role in regulation of activity levels, winter sleep, reproductive cycles, so it regulates wake up-drowsiness-sleep phase rhythm of body, also affects mating

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20
Q

how is melatonin used in sheep and goats

A

induce pre season oestrous - authorised in australia and new zealand, sc implant

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21
Q

how is melatonin used in dogs

A

sedation, alopecia, nasal depigmentation

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22
Q

side effects of melatonin

A

rapid heartbeat, fatigue, lethargy, hypothermia

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23
Q

FSH and LH makeup

A

both are glycoproteins, two subunit chains are linked non covalently by disulphide bridges

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24
Q

FSH effects in females

A

in ovaries incr growth of follicle and estradiol production

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25
Q

FSH effects in males

A

in the testicles incr in spermatogenesis

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26
Q

LH effects in females

A

final maturation of follicle - oestrogen production, ovulation, luteotropic in most domestic species

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27
Q

LH effect in males

A

leydig cells incr testosterone production

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28
Q

why are preparations of FSH and LH rarely used

A

expensive and short half life

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29
Q

uses of LH

A

to induce ovulation
lutenize follicular cysts
induce follicular growth and ovulation

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30
Q

uses of FSH

A

induce follicular growth for the purpose of supra ovulation in donor cows used for embryo transfer

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31
Q

PMSG makeup

A

large glycoprotein

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32
Q

PMSG where is it released

A

from endometrial cups of pregnant mares in early pregnancy to maintain a luteotrophic effct on primary and secondary CL

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33
Q

PMSG use in females

A

induce follicular growth and ovulation

superovulation

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34
Q

PMSG use in males

A

stimulate spermatogenesis and libido

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35
Q

preparations of PMSG

A

werfaser inj
gonadophyl inj
suidan inj

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36
Q

how is PMSG used in combo with hCG

A

treatment of post weaning anoestrous in sows

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37
Q

non pituitary gonadotropins

A

hCG

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38
Q

hCG makeup

A

glycoprotein, two peptide chains

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39
Q

where is hCG secreted

A

from chorionic portion of human placenta

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40
Q

half life of hCG

A

12-24hr

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41
Q

use of hCG in females

A
  • cause ovulation in the mare at time of breeding
  • for the treatment of nymphomania due to cystic ovaries
  • for ovarian sitmulation
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42
Q

use of hCG males

A

in the treatment of cryptochidism

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43
Q

features of natural steroids

A

fat soluble, short half life, low MW, low oral activity, common structure in all species, not antigenic

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44
Q

what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to specificity

A

increase

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45
Q

what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to half life

A

increase

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46
Q

what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to oral absorption

A

increase

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47
Q

natural oestrogens

A

oestrone
estradiol 17beta
oestriol

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48
Q

where are natural oestrogens

A

granulosa cells of ovarian follicle, CL, adrenal cortex, testicles, placenta

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49
Q

absorption of oestrogens

A

through skin, mucus membranes, GI tract

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50
Q

metabolism of oestrogens

A

liver

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51
Q

elimination of oestrogens

A

urine

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52
Q

effects of oestrogens

A

-development of female sex organs
development and maintainence of secondary female sex characteristics
-cause incr cell height and secretion of cervical mucosa, endometrial proliferation and incr uterine tone
-slight anabolic effect, fat distribution
-release of GnRH

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53
Q

side effects of oestrogens in cows

A

postpartum straining with prolapse of vagina, uterus

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54
Q

side effects of oestrogens in dog

A

anaemia, endometritis

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55
Q

side effects of oestrogens

A

ovarian suppression and hypoplasia - cysts
feminisation in males
should not be given to animals with mammary tumours and during pregnancy

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56
Q

clinical uses of oestrogens in females

A
  • control repro is limited
  • treatment of uterine infections
  • inhibition of nidation
  • treat urinary incontinence and dermatitis in old ovarectimised bitches
  • diminish lactation in bitches and queens
  • treat cattle having persistant CL due to certain cases
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57
Q

clinical uses of oestrogens in males

A

anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour

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58
Q

oestrogens preparations

A

oestradiol benzoate inj
oestradiol cypionate ecp inj
oestradiol valerate
oestradiol incurin tablet

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59
Q

oestrogens combinations

A

prolans inj and sesoral tablet
PRID - progesterone releasing intravaginal device - with oestradiol
crestar sc implant

60
Q

what are stilbenes

A

synthetic non steroidal oestrogens, have high oral activity, are not easily metabolised, are carcinogens -> prohibited

61
Q

whats zeranol

A

synthetic analogue of mould toxin zearalenone with oestrogenic, anabolic activity

62
Q

anti oestrogen compounds

A

aromatase inhibitors
oestrogen receptor modulators
raloxifen
clomiphene

63
Q

when do we use oestrogen receptor modulators

A

treatment of oestrogen dependant mammary tumours

64
Q

when do we use raloxifen

A

antagonist in mammary gland and uterus, agonist in bones

65
Q

where does clomiphene have its effect

A

only central

66
Q

progestagens share two main physio effects of progesterone

A

nidation and maintainence of pregnancy

suppression of oestrous and blocking ovulation

67
Q

progesterone physio effects

A

in pregnant animals it transforms proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium, inhibits uterine contractility

68
Q

main uses of natural pregestrone

A

synchronisation
to prevent embryonic death - not satisfactory
delay parturition - not effective

69
Q

two types of synthetic preparations of progestagens

A

strong gestagens - 1st gen

weak gestagens - 2nd gen

70
Q

when do we use antiprogestagens

A

to terminate pregnancy

71
Q

antiprogestagens

A

aglepristone - sc, second dose after 24hrs

72
Q

name progestagens

A 
medroxy progesterone
fluorogestone acetate
norgestomet
proligestone and megestrol acetate
altrenogest
melengestrol acetate
73
Q

use of medroxy progesterone

A
  • control oestrous and ovulation in cyclic ewes
  • induce oestrous in anoestrous ewes as intravaginal sponge
  • inhibit onset of the next oestrous in bitches with mid oestrous
74
Q

medoxy progesterone side effects

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mammary tumours

75
Q

fluorogestone acetate use

A

oestrous synchronisation in ewe

76
Q

norgestomet use

A

strong gestagen induce and synchronise ovulation in heifers and cows

77
Q

proligestone and megestrol acetate what are they

A

weak progestagens with antigonadotropic effects

78
Q

proligestone and megestrol acetate use in females

A

prevent and suppress oestrous and ovulation in companion animals

79
Q

proligestone and megestrol acetate use in males

A

anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour, incr sexual activity, strange behaviour

80
Q

altrenogest use

A

oestrous synchronisation

81
Q

altrenogest is used in which species

A

mares and sows, po - abasorbed from skin so be careful

82
Q

melengestrol acetate use

A

suppress oestrous in heifers and incr growth - banned in EU

83
Q

melengestrol acetate mechanism of action

A

form cysts -> elevated oestrogen level

84
Q

natural androgen compounds

A

testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione

85
Q

androgens physio effects

A

-stimulate spermatogenesis
-secondary male characteristics
muscle development

86
Q

androgens clinical use

A
  • treatment of infertility, hypogonadism, aspermia, decr libido - unsatisfactory
  • hormonal alopecia, certain mammary tumours
  • to treat androgen deficiency in old castrated dog
  • androgenised cows for detection of oestrous in cattle
87
Q

androgens preparations

A

andriol caps
retandrol oil inj
sesoral tablets

88
Q

anabolic steroids use

A
  • not for growth promotion, influencec the race performance
  • in ageing animal or patient wiht chronic diseases, polytrauma
  • promote recovery from debilitating disease
  • stimulation of erythropoietin, brown regeneration
89
Q

anabolic steroids side effects

A

vasoconstriction, heart failure, impotence, sperm deformity

90
Q

anti androgens name them

A

ciproterone
delmadinon
finasteride

91
Q

in which species do we use finasteride

92
Q

what are prostaglandins

A

local hormones

93
Q

when are prostaglandins produced in endometrium

A
  • late in diestrous and cycling animal

- near term in pregnant animal

94
Q

functions of prostaglandins

A

in repro

inflammation, membrane protection

95
Q

other effects of prostaglandins

A

activity of smooth muscle in uterus, relaxation of cervix

96
Q

use of prostaglandins

A

-oestrous synchronisation
induce parturition
-abortion
-treatment pyometra

97
Q

prostaglandins for use to synchronise oestrous injections

A

mares 14-18
cows 10-12
goats 11 days apart

98
Q

how long is CL refractory to PGF in cows

A

until day 5-7

99
Q

how long is CL refractory to PGF in ewes

A

until day 4-5

100
Q

how long is CL refractory to PGF in mares

A

until day 5

101
Q

how long is CL refractory to PGF in sows

A

until day 12

102
Q

synthetic analogues of prostaglandins

A 
alfaprostol
PGF2alpha dinoprost
cloprostenol
luprostiol
etiproston
103
Q

side effects of prostaglandin analogues

A

colic disorders, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction, abortion

104
Q

what does progesterone do to the contractile response of uterus

A

inhibits it

105
Q

what does oestrogen do to the sensitivity to stimulants

A

increases it

106
Q

classifications of uterine stimulants

A

ecbolics - at term

abortifacients - at any time

107
Q

types of uterine relaxants

A

uterine spasmolytics, myometrial depressants, tocolytics, inhibition of oxytocin

108
Q

types of uterine stimulating agents

A

oxytocin
prostaglandins
ergot alkaloids
cholinergic/parasympathetic drugs

109
Q

what is important to remember with ecbolics

A

use with caution if cervix not fully dilated

110
Q

indications for uterine stimulating agents

A

during prolonged parturition

  • to promote involution
  • for post parturient haemorrhage
111
Q

oxytocin production

A

hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary

112
Q

oxytocin makeup

A

consists of 9 amino acids

113
Q

oxytocin release is controlled by

A
  • adrenergic and cholinergic pathway
  • opioid peptides
  • oestrogen
114
Q

oxytocin has its action where

A

myometrium, mammary gland

115
Q

oxytocin mode of action

A

binding to receptors -> resting potential changed -> Ca channels oppened -> Ca incr-> contraction and prostaglandin release

116
Q

side effects of oxytocin

A

GI

cardiovascular system, swelling at inj site

117
Q

oxytocin uses

A
  • uterin inertia
  • retention of eggs
  • after parturition
  • milk let down
  • after caesarian
  • after reposition of prolapsed uterus
118
Q

admin routes of synthetic oxytocin

A

iv, im ,sc

119
Q

metabolism of synthetic oxytocin

120
Q

whats carbetocin

A

synthetic analogue of oxytocin

121
Q

half life of cabectocin

A

much longer

122
Q

antioxytocin

A

atosiban, iv use, tocolytic action

123
Q

where are ergot alkaloids produced

A

by claviceps purpurea in rye and other cereals

124
Q

major effects of ergot alkaloids

A

arithmetic contractions of uterus

peripheral constrictions of vessels

125
Q

synthetic derivatives of ergot alkaloids effects

A

dopaminergic effect, reduction of prolactin hormone synthesis

126
Q

indication of ergot alkaloids

A

pseudopregnancy, abortion, synchronisation

127
Q

name three ergot alkaloids

A

bromocriptine
pergolide
cabergoline

128
Q

three types of ergot alkaloids

A

ergotoxins
ergotamine
ergometrine

129
Q

ergometrine use

A

post partum
potent uterine stimulant
rarely used during parturition

130
Q

methyl ergometrine what is it

A

ergot alkaloid

131
Q

methyl ergometrine does it have vasoconstrictor activity

132
Q

can methyl ergometrine be used in combo

A

yes, with oxytocin

133
Q

uses for uterine relaxing agents

A

prevent abortion

suppress contractions during correction of malpresentatin, embryotomy, obstetrical manoeuver

134
Q

groups of uterine relaxing agents

A

beta2 adrenoceptor agonists
antispasmodics
phenothiazines
anticholinergics

135
Q

beta2 adrenoceptor agonist uses

A

reversible myometrial relaxation
facilitating obstetrical maneouvers
replacement of prolapsed uterus
handling of uterus durind C section

136
Q

name three beta2 adrenoceptor agonists

A

isoxuprine
clenbuterol
terbutaline

137
Q

side effects beta2 adrenoceptor agonists

A

tachycardia, vasodilation, tremor, sweating

138
Q

vetrabutin what is its

A

papverine like drug, uterine relaxing agent

139
Q

vetrabutin mechanism of action

A

interrupts the contractions caused by oxytocin, not as effective as clenbuterol

140
Q

vetrabutin can it be used in cats

141
Q

denaverine what is it

A

uterine relaxant

142
Q

denaverine effect

A

toco spasmolytic effect, elimination of too sensitive contractions of uterus, relaxes cervix

143
Q

proqumezine what is it

A

uterine muscle relaxant, phenothizine derivative

144
Q

proquamezine effect

A

relaxes myometrium and cervix

145
Q

proquamezine indications

A

reposition of prolapsed uterus, spasm of urinary tract or oresophagus

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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