endocrine 2 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
two groups of hormones affecting repro
A
sex steroids
other types
2
Q
sex steroids
A
oestrogens
androgens
gestagens
3
Q
other types of repro hormones
A
GnRH analogues pituitary and non pituitary gonadotropins prostaglandins oxytocin melatonin
4
Q
GnRH does it have interspecies differences
A
no
5
Q
production of GnRH
A
optic and suprachiasmatic areas of hypothalamus
6
Q
release of GnRH
A
pulsatile and cyclic
7
Q
GnRH actions
A
stimulation of production and release of FSH and LLH
8
Q
uses of GnRH
A
reduce time interval from calving to 1st ovulation
treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows
control time of ovulation at end of prostaglandin or progestogen synchronisation schedule
in mares - max chance of conception and nidation
-provoke ovulation in rabbits
-seasonal acyclia in queens
-incr fertility rate in sows and fur farming
-rainbow trout - facilitate stripping, reducing egg binding
-chemical castration
9
Q
side effects GnRH
A
- hyperthermia, allergic reaction
- luteal yellow body cysts
- should not be used in pregnant animals
- should not be used in starved, cachetic animals
10
Q
GnRH makeup
A
synthetic 9ass forms and analogues are avaliabl
11
Q
GnRH application
A
sc, im, sc implants, chemical sterilisation
12
Q
GnRH items
A
gonadorelin buserelin fertirelin deslorelin lecirelin
13
Q
gonadorelin species
A
horse, cow, rabbit, swine
14
Q
buserelin species
A
horse, cow, rabbit, rainbow trout
15
Q
fertirelin species
A
cow
16
Q
deslorelin species
A
male dogs, SC implant chemical castration - 6month duration
17
Q
lecirelin species
A
cow
18
Q
melatonin is produced where
A
pineal gland, shows significant diurnal fluctuations
19
Q
melatonin role
A
plays a role in regulation of activity levels, winter sleep, reproductive cycles, so it regulates wake up-drowsiness-sleep phase rhythm of body, also affects mating
20
Q
how is melatonin used in sheep and goats
A
induce pre season oestrous - authorised in australia and new zealand, sc implant
21
Q
how is melatonin used in dogs
A
sedation, alopecia, nasal depigmentation
22
Q
side effects of melatonin
A
rapid heartbeat, fatigue, lethargy, hypothermia
23
Q
FSH and LH makeup
A
both are glycoproteins, two subunit chains are linked non covalently by disulphide bridges
24
Q
FSH effects in females
A
in ovaries incr growth of follicle and estradiol production
25
FSH effects in males
in the testicles incr in spermatogenesis
26
LH effects in females
final maturation of follicle - oestrogen production, ovulation, luteotropic in most domestic species
27
LH effect in males
leydig cells incr testosterone production
28
why are preparations of FSH and LH rarely used
expensive and short half life
29
uses of LH
to induce ovulation
lutenize follicular cysts
induce follicular growth and ovulation
30
uses of FSH
induce follicular growth for the purpose of supra ovulation in donor cows used for embryo transfer
31
PMSG makeup
large glycoprotein
32
PMSG where is it released
from endometrial cups of pregnant mares in early pregnancy to maintain a luteotrophic effct on primary and secondary CL
33
PMSG use in females
induce follicular growth and ovulation
| superovulation
34
PMSG use in males
stimulate spermatogenesis and libido
35
preparations of PMSG
werfaser inj
gonadophyl inj
suidan inj
36
how is PMSG used in combo with hCG
treatment of post weaning anoestrous in sows
37
non pituitary gonadotropins
hCG
38
hCG makeup
glycoprotein, two peptide chains
39
where is hCG secreted
from chorionic portion of human placenta
40
half life of hCG
12-24hr
41
use of hCG in females
- cause ovulation in the mare at time of breeding
- for the treatment of nymphomania due to cystic ovaries
- for ovarian sitmulation
42
use of hCG males
in the treatment of cryptochidism
43
features of natural steroids
fat soluble, short half life, low MW, low oral activity, common structure in all species, not antigenic
44
what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to specificity
increase
45
what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to half life
increase
46
what do synthetic and semi synthetic hormones do to oral absorption
increase
47
natural oestrogens
oestrone
estradiol 17beta
oestriol
48
where are natural oestrogens
granulosa cells of ovarian follicle, CL, adrenal cortex, testicles, placenta
49
absorption of oestrogens
through skin, mucus membranes, GI tract
50
metabolism of oestrogens
liver
51
elimination of oestrogens
urine
52
effects of oestrogens
-development of female sex organs
development and maintainence of secondary female sex characteristics
-cause incr cell height and secretion of cervical mucosa, endometrial proliferation and incr uterine tone
-slight anabolic effect, fat distribution
-release of GnRH
53
side effects of oestrogens in cows
postpartum straining with prolapse of vagina, uterus
54
side effects of oestrogens in dog
anaemia, endometritis
55
side effects of oestrogens
ovarian suppression and hypoplasia - cysts
feminisation in males
should not be given to animals with mammary tumours and during pregnancy
56
clinical uses of oestrogens in females
- control repro is limited
- treatment of uterine infections
- inhibition of nidation
- treat urinary incontinence and dermatitis in old ovarectimised bitches
- diminish lactation in bitches and queens
- treat cattle having persistant CL due to certain cases
57
clinical uses of oestrogens in males
anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour
58
oestrogens preparations
oestradiol benzoate inj
oestradiol cypionate ecp inj
oestradiol valerate
oestradiol incurin tablet
59
oestrogens combinations
prolans inj and sesoral tablet
PRID - progesterone releasing intravaginal device - with oestradiol
crestar sc implant
60
what are stilbenes
synthetic non steroidal oestrogens, have high oral activity, are not easily metabolised, are carcinogens -> prohibited
61
whats zeranol
synthetic analogue of mould toxin zearalenone with oestrogenic, anabolic activity
62
anti oestrogen compounds
aromatase inhibitors
oestrogen receptor modulators
raloxifen
clomiphene
63
when do we use oestrogen receptor modulators
treatment of oestrogen dependant mammary tumours
64
when do we use raloxifen
antagonist in mammary gland and uterus, agonist in bones
65
where does clomiphene have its effect
only central
66
progestagens share two main physio effects of progesterone
nidation and maintainence of pregnancy
| suppression of oestrous and blocking ovulation
67
progesterone physio effects
in pregnant animals it transforms proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium, inhibits uterine contractility
68
main uses of natural pregestrone
synchronisation
to prevent embryonic death - not satisfactory
delay parturition - not effective
69
two types of synthetic preparations of progestagens
strong gestagens - 1st gen
| weak gestagens - 2nd gen
70
when do we use antiprogestagens
to terminate pregnancy
71
antiprogestagens
aglepristone - sc, second dose after 24hrs
72
name progestagens
```
medroxy progesterone
fluorogestone acetate
norgestomet
proligestone and megestrol acetate
altrenogest
melengestrol acetate
```
73
use of medroxy progesterone
- control oestrous and ovulation in cyclic ewes
- induce oestrous in anoestrous ewes as intravaginal sponge
- inhibit onset of the next oestrous in bitches with mid oestrous
74
medoxy progesterone side effects
cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mammary tumours
75
fluorogestone acetate use
oestrous synchronisation in ewe
76
norgestomet use
strong gestagen induce and synchronise ovulation in heifers and cows
77
proligestone and megestrol acetate what are they
weak progestagens with antigonadotropic effects
78
proligestone and megestrol acetate use in females
prevent and suppress oestrous and ovulation in companion animals
79
proligestone and megestrol acetate use in males
anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour, incr sexual activity, strange behaviour
80
altrenogest use
oestrous synchronisation
81
altrenogest is used in which species
mares and sows, po - abasorbed from skin so be careful
82
melengestrol acetate use
suppress oestrous in heifers and incr growth - banned in EU
83
melengestrol acetate mechanism of action
form cysts -> elevated oestrogen level
84
natural androgen compounds
testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
85
androgens physio effects
-stimulate spermatogenesis
-secondary male characteristics
muscle development
86
androgens clinical use
- treatment of infertility, hypogonadism, aspermia, decr libido - unsatisfactory
- hormonal alopecia, certain mammary tumours
- to treat androgen deficiency in old castrated dog
- androgenised cows for detection of oestrous in cattle
87
androgens preparations
andriol caps
retandrol oil inj
sesoral tablets
88
anabolic steroids use
- not for growth promotion, influencec the race performance
- in ageing animal or patient wiht chronic diseases, polytrauma
- promote recovery from debilitating disease
- stimulation of erythropoietin, brown regeneration
89
anabolic steroids side effects
vasoconstriction, heart failure, impotence, sperm deformity
90
anti androgens name them
ciproterone
delmadinon
finasteride
91
in which species do we use finasteride
boars po
92
what are prostaglandins
local hormones
93
when are prostaglandins produced in endometrium
- late in diestrous and cycling animal
| - near term in pregnant animal
94
functions of prostaglandins
in repro
| inflammation, membrane protection
95
other effects of prostaglandins
activity of smooth muscle in uterus, relaxation of cervix
96
use of prostaglandins
-oestrous synchronisation
induce parturition
-abortion
-treatment pyometra
97
prostaglandins for use to synchronise oestrous injections
mares 14-18
cows 10-12
goats 11 days apart
98
how long is CL refractory to PGF in cows
until day 5-7
99
how long is CL refractory to PGF in ewes
until day 4-5
100
how long is CL refractory to PGF in mares
until day 5
101
how long is CL refractory to PGF in sows
until day 12
102
synthetic analogues of prostaglandins
```
alfaprostol
PGF2alpha dinoprost
cloprostenol
luprostiol
etiproston
```
103
side effects of prostaglandin analogues
colic disorders, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction, abortion
104
what does progesterone do to the contractile response of uterus
inhibits it
105
what does oestrogen do to the sensitivity to stimulants
increases it
106
classifications of uterine stimulants
ecbolics - at term
| abortifacients - at any time
107
types of uterine relaxants
uterine spasmolytics, myometrial depressants, tocolytics, inhibition of oxytocin
108
types of uterine stimulating agents
oxytocin
prostaglandins
ergot alkaloids
cholinergic/parasympathetic drugs
109
what is important to remember with ecbolics
use with caution if cervix not fully dilated
110
indications for uterine stimulating agents
during prolonged parturition
- to promote involution
- for post parturient haemorrhage
111
oxytocin production
hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary
112
oxytocin makeup
consists of 9 amino acids
113
oxytocin release is controlled by
- adrenergic and cholinergic pathway
- opioid peptides
- oestrogen
114
oxytocin has its action where
myometrium, mammary gland
115
oxytocin mode of action
binding to receptors -> resting potential changed -> Ca channels oppened -> Ca incr-> contraction and prostaglandin release
116
side effects of oxytocin
GI
| cardiovascular system, swelling at inj site
117
oxytocin uses
- uterin inertia
- retention of eggs
- after parturition
- milk let down
- after caesarian
- after reposition of prolapsed uterus
118
admin routes of synthetic oxytocin
iv, im ,sc
119
metabolism of synthetic oxytocin
fast
120
whats carbetocin
synthetic analogue of oxytocin
121
half life of cabectocin
much longer
122
antioxytocin
atosiban, iv use, tocolytic action
123
where are ergot alkaloids produced
by claviceps purpurea in rye and other cereals
124
major effects of ergot alkaloids
arithmetic contractions of uterus
| peripheral constrictions of vessels
125
synthetic derivatives of ergot alkaloids effects
dopaminergic effect, reduction of prolactin hormone synthesis
126
indication of ergot alkaloids
pseudopregnancy, abortion, synchronisation
127
name three ergot alkaloids
bromocriptine
pergolide
cabergoline
128
three types of ergot alkaloids
ergotoxins
ergotamine
ergometrine
129
ergometrine use
post partum
potent uterine stimulant
rarely used during parturition
130
methyl ergometrine what is it
ergot alkaloid
131
methyl ergometrine does it have vasoconstrictor activity
no
132
can methyl ergometrine be used in combo
yes, with oxytocin
133
uses for uterine relaxing agents
prevent abortion
| suppress contractions during correction of malpresentatin, embryotomy, obstetrical manoeuver
134
groups of uterine relaxing agents
beta2 adrenoceptor agonists
antispasmodics
phenothiazines
anticholinergics
135
beta2 adrenoceptor agonist uses
reversible myometrial relaxation
facilitating obstetrical maneouvers
replacement of prolapsed uterus
handling of uterus durind C section
136
name three beta2 adrenoceptor agonists
isoxuprine
clenbuterol
terbutaline
137
side effects beta2 adrenoceptor agonists
tachycardia, vasodilation, tremor, sweating
138
vetrabutin what is its
papverine like drug, uterine relaxing agent
139
vetrabutin mechanism of action
interrupts the contractions caused by oxytocin, not as effective as clenbuterol
140
vetrabutin can it be used in cats
no
141
denaverine what is it
uterine relaxant
142
denaverine effect
toco spasmolytic effect, elimination of too sensitive contractions of uterus, relaxes cervix
143
proqumezine what is it
uterine muscle relaxant, phenothizine derivative
144
proquamezine effect
relaxes myometrium and cervix
145
proquamezine indications
reposition of prolapsed uterus, spasm of urinary tract or oresophagus
