Pharmacology

Question 1

Involves a disorder of glomerular filtration, allowing protein (largely albumin) to appear in the filtrate

Answer 1

The Nephrotic syndrome

Question 2

Why does hepatic cirrhosis with ascites cause oedema?

Answer 2

Increased pressure in the hepatic portal vein, combined with decreased production of albumin, causes loss of fluid into the epritoneal cavity and oedema (ascites)

Question 3

Where do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work?

Answer 3

Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

Question 4

Where do loop diuretics work?

Answer 4

Thick ascending limb of the loop of henle

Question 5

Where do thiazide diuretics work?

Answer 5

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 6

Where do potassium sparing diuretics work?

Answer 6

Collecting tube

Question 7

OATs (organic anion transporters) transport which type of drug?

Answer 7

Transport acidic drugs

e.g. thiazides and loop agents

Question 8

OCTs (organic cation transporters) transport which type of drug?

Answer 8

Transport basic drugs (e.g. triamterene and amiloride)

Question 9

Are thiazide and loop diuretics acidic or basic?

Answer 9

Acidic

Question 10

Inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- carrier by binding to the Cl- site

Answer 10

Loop diuretics

e.g. Furosemide and Bumetanide

Question 11

Furosemide and Bumetanide are which type of diuretic?

Answer 11

Loop diuretic

Question 12

Type of diuretic that also possesses a vasodilator action?

Answer 12

Possess an additional, indirect, vasodilator action (mechanism uncertain) that contributes to their effectiveness in the treatment of hypertension (where they are used in combination with other antihypertensive agents

Question 13

Cause up to 5% of Na+ to be excreted, producing a modest diuresis

Answer 13

Thiazide diuretics

Question 14

The site of action of many diuretics is the _____ membrane of tubular cells?

Answer 14

Apical membrane

Question 15

At the basolateral membrane, organic ions (OA-) are enter the cell by either diffusion, or in exchange for what?

Answer 15

Alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG)

Question 16

How is alpha-KG transported into a cell?

Answer 16

Via an Na+ decarboxylase transporter

Question 17

MRP2 transports anions or cations?

Answer 17

Anions

MRP1 transports cations

Question 18

Possess an additional, indirect venodilator action (before diuresis) that is beneficial in pulmonary oedema caused by heart failure

Answer 18

Loop diuretics

Question 19

Can be used to treat acutely elevated calcium levels in the serum?

Answer 19

Loop diuretics
-these also cause excretion of magnesium and calcium

(remember there is a paracellular pathway in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, where Ca and Mg pass through

Question 20

At the basolateral membrane, how do organic ions enter the cell?

Answer 20

Diffusion or in exchange for alpha-KG

Question 21

How is alpha-KG transported into the cell?

Answer 21

Via Na+ decarboxylase transporter

Question 22

At the apical membrane, how does OA- enter the lumen

Answer 22

Via MRP2 or OAT4 (in exchange for alpha-KG)

Question 23

At the basolateral membrane, how do organic cations enter the cell?

Answer 23

Via diffusion or OCT

Question 24

At the apical membrane, how do OC enter the lumen?

Answer 24

Via MRP1 or OC+/H+ antiporters

Question 25

Type of diuretic that increases reabsorption of Ca?

Answer 25

Thiazide diuretics

Question 26

Type of diuretic used in renal stone disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretic

Question 27

Na+/H+ exchange blocked by what

Answer 27

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 28

Na+/K+/CL- cotransport blocked by what?

Answer 28

Loop diuretics

Question 29

Na+/Cl- cotransport blocked by what?

Answer 29

Thiazide diuretics

Question 30

Increase excretion of Ca2+ and Mg2+

Answer 30

Loop diuretic

Question 31

These drugs also induce renal synthesis of prostaglandins, which contributes to their renal action including the increase in renal blood flow and redistribution of renal cortical blood flow.

Answer 31

Loop diuretics

Question 32

Diuretics which could cause metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 32

Loop diuretic | Thiazide diuretic

Question 33

Increase reabsorption of Ca2+

Answer 33

Thiazide diuretic

Question 34

Possess venodilator action

Answer 34

Loop diuretics

Question 35

Possess vasodilator action

Answer 35

Thiazide diuretics

Question 36

Which type of diuretic used in renal stone disease?

Answer 36

Thiazide (reduce amount of calcium you are peeing out)

Question 37

Which type of diuretic used in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 37

Thiazide

Question 38

Diuretic which could cause male sexual dysfunction?

Answer 38

Thiazide

Question 39

Diuretic which could cause impaired glucose tolerance?

Answer 39

Thiazide

Question 40

What type of receptors does aldosterone bind to?

Answer 40

Intracellular

Question 41

Why do loop and thiazide diuretics cause potassium loss?

Answer 41

Increase Na+ reabsorbed (collecting tubule) This makes lumen more negative Membrane depolarised K+ chucked out into the lumen and washed away

Question 42

Amiloride

Answer 42

Potassium sparing diuretic | poor absorption from GI tract

Question 43

Triamterene

Answer 43

Potassium sparing diuretic