Pastest

Question 1

Specialised epithelial cells lining the distal concoluted tubule

Answer 1

Macula densa

Question 2

Located at the afferent arterioles: modified smooth muscle cells that are renin secreting

Answer 2

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 3

DHIS

Answer 3

Distal hypoperfusion ischaemic syndrome

This is a rare complication of AV fistula. There is shunting of the blood flow through the fistula, and there is distal ischaemia

This can result in ischaemic ulcers and necrosis. Also, there may be pallor and diminshed pulses distal to the fistula

Question 4

pCO2 increased, HCO3 increased, Urine pH decreased

Answer 4

Respiratory acidosis

Question 5

pCO2 increased, HCO3 increased, Urine pH decreased

Answer 5

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 6

pCO2 decreased, HCO3 decreased, urine pH decreased

Answer 6

Metabolic acidosis (not due to renal cause because kidneys are still trying to filter out the excess H+, hence the decreased urine pH)

Question 7

pCO2 decreased, HCO3 decreased, urine pH increased

Answer 7

Metabolic acidosis secondary to renal cause

Question 8

Envelope shaped crystals in urine

Answer 8

Calcium oxalate crystals

Question 9

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 9

Vitamin B and C

Question 10

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 10

Vitamin A, D, E, K

Question 11

Excess of which vitamin can interfere with vitamin K metabolism?

Answer 11

Vitamin E can interfere = tendency to bleed

Question 12

What is ADPKD associated with?

Answer 12

Berry aneurysms

Cysts
(hepatic, pancreatic, ovarian)

Hepatic fibrosis (rare)

Diverticular disease

Mitral valve prolapse or aortic incompetence

Question 13

Why might a general anaesthetic increase your chances of getting a UTI?

Answer 13

General anaesthetic agents have an effect on the sacral nerve supply to the bladder predisposing to urinary retention; this allows bacteria to stay in the bladder longer, increasing the risk of infection

Question 14

Hepatic fibrosis and ADPKD and ARPKD

Answer 14

Rare in dominant

100% in recessvie

Question 15

Generalised oedema
Low albumin
Renal impairment
Elevated cholesterol

…what am I?

Answer 15

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 16

What might eosinophilia suggest?

Answer 16

Might suggest drug induced nephritis

• NSAIDs
• cephalosporins
• methicillin

Question 17

c-ANCA

Answer 17

GPA

Question 18

What do renal casts suggest?

Answer 18

Glomerulonephritis

Question 19

When are small kidneys seen?

Answer 19

Chronic renal failure

Question 20

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Answer 20

May be seen on renal biopsy in siabetic nephropathy

Question 21

Proteinuria and ACEi’s/ARBs?

Answer 21

ACE inhibitors and ARBS reduce proteinuria

Question 22

List 3 causes of polyuria and polydipsia?

Answer 22

Hypokalemia

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes insipidus

Question 23

Acute/chronic renal failure and weeing

Answer 23

Acute renal failure tends to produce oligouria and chronic renal failure tens to produce polyuria