Pharmacology 3

Question 1

Where do osmotic diuretics work?

Answer 1

Proximal tubule

Question 2

Name an osmotic diuretic

Answer 2

Mannitol

Question 3

Where does most isoreabsorption of water take place?

Answer 3

Proximal tubule

Question 4

Do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause an alkalois or acidosis?

Answer 4

They cause excretion of HCO3 with Na+, K+ and H20

-cause an ALKALINE diuresis and METABOLIC acidosis will result

Question 5

Used for prophylaxis of altitude sickness

Answer 5

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 6

Inhibits secretion of vasopressin

Answer 6

Ethanol

Question 7

Enhances secretion of vasopressin

Answer 7

Nicotine

Question 8

Lithium and vasopressin

Answer 8

Inhibits

Question 9

Demeclocycline

Answer 9

Blocks effect of vasopressin

Question 10

What do V1a receptors mediate?

Answer 10

Vasoconstriction

Question 11

What do V2 receptors mediate?

Answer 11

H2O resorption in collecting tubule

Question 12

What happens if you block V2 receptors?

Answer 12

Causes excretion of water without accompanying Na+

this then raises plasma Na+ concentration

Question 13

Competitive antagonists of vasopressin receptors

Answer 13

Vaptans

Question 14

When is tolvaptan used?

Answer 14

SIADH

Question 15

Drug used in SIADH

Answer 15

Tolvaptan

Question 16

Where does reabsorption of glucose take place?

Answer 16

Proximal tubule

Question 17

Where is SGLT1 expressed?

Answer 17

Intestine and the kidney

Question 18

Where is SGLT2 expressed?

Answer 18

Almost exclusively in the proxiaml tubule

Question 19

SGLT2 absorb up to ____ glucose

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

SGLT1 absorb up to ____ glucose

Answer 20

10%

Question 21

How is glucose reabsored?

Answer 21

Secondary active transport (apical membrane)
Facilitated diffusion (basolateral membrane)

Question 22

SGLT2

Answer 22

2 sodium for 1 glucose

Question 23

SGLT1

Answer 23

1 sodium for 1 glucose

Question 24

Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin

Answer 24

Inhibitor of SGLT2

Question 25

What do SGLT2 inhibitors cause?

Answer 25

Excretion of glucose Decrease in HbA1c Weight loss

Question 26

How are prostaglandins formed?

Answer 26

Formed from fatty acid arachidonic acid by COX1 and 2

Question 27

Where is PGE2 made?

Answer 27

Medulla

Question 28

Where is PGI2 made?

Answer 28

Glomeruli

Question 29

When are prostaglandins synthesised?

Answer 29

In response to ischaemia, mechanical trauma, angiotensin II, ADH and bradykinin

Question 30

How do prostaglandins affect GFR?

Answer 30

- a direct vasodilator effect upon the afferent arteriole | - release renin = lead to increased levels of angiotensin II that vasoconstricts efferent arteriole

Question 31

Detrimental "triple whammy" effect

Answer 31

ACEI, diuretic and NSAID

Question 32

Why do NSAIDs precipitate renal failure?

Answer 32

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) inhibit COX and may precipitate acute renal failure (greatly decreased GFR) in conditions where renal blood flow is dependent upon vasodilator prostaglandins (cirrhosis of the liver, heart failure, the nephrotic syndrome)

Question 33

What are probenecid and sulfinpyrazole?

Answer 33

Uricosurics | Block reabsorption of urate in proximal tubule

Question 34

How must you administer mannitol?

Answer 34

IV (membrane impermeable)