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BIOL 1410 > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • in PNS

- 12 pairs

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2
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

10/12 are associated w/ brain stem III-XII

3/12 carry only sensory impulses:

  • I: olfaction
  • II: optic
  • VIII: vestibulocochlear

9/12 mixed nerves (sensory + motor)

  • cell bodies [MOTOR NEURONS] in nuclei of brain stem
  • cell bodies [SENSORY NEURONS] in ganglia
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3
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves

A 
- all are mixed
8 cervical (C1-C8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12)
5 lumbar (L1-L5)
5 sacral (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal (C0)
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4
Q

spinal nerve points of attachment

A
  1. dorsal root:
    - receive sensory info
    - cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
  2. ventral root:
    - carries motor output
    - cell bodies in ventral/lateral horn
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5
Q

spinal nerve characteristics

A
  • located at joint of dorsal + ventral root
  • immediately branch into: dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, rami communicantes
  • spinal nerve leave thru intervertebral foramina of vertebrae
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6
Q

dorsal ramus

A

innervates skin and muscles of back

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7
Q

ventral ramus

A

innervates thoracic nerves T1-T12 and plexuses

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8
Q

rami communicantes

A

forms component off autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

spinal plexuses

A
  • from ventral rami of spinal nerves (except T1-T12)

- 4 plexuses

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10
Q

what is a plexus?

A

nerve network

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11
Q

4 spinal plexuses

A

1) CERVICAL PLEXUS C1-C4: diaphragm
2) BRACHIAL PLEXUS C5-T1: axillary, radius, ulna, median nerves
3) LUMBAR PLEXUS L1-L5: femoral nerve
4) SACRAL PLEXUS L4-S4: [sciatic nerve] combo of tibial + fibular nerves

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12
Q

wrappings of nervous tissue

A
  • ENTIRE NERVE: epineurium CT
  • NERVE FASCICLE: perineurium
  • AXON + MYELIN: endoneurium
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13
Q

receptors

A
  • afferent pathway
  • detect change in environment
  • stimulus > receptor > CNS
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14
Q

afferent pathway

A

move sensory info to CNS

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15
Q

efferent pathway

A

move sensory into away from CNS

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16
Q

receptors can be classified as:

A
  • location
  • type of stimulus
  • structure
17
Q

receptor classification: location

A
  • EXTEROCEPTORS: detect stimuli in external environment (in skin)
  • INTEROCEPTORS: detects stimuli in internal environment (in joints + muscles)
18
Q

receptor classification: type of stimulus

A
  • MECHANORECEPTORS: pressure + touch
  • THERMORECEPTORS: heat + cold
  • CHEMORECEPTORS: chemicals
  • PHOTORECEPTORS: light
19
Q

receptor classification: structure

A

1) FREE NERVE ENDINGS:
- dendrites of sensory neurons (pain, itchiness)

2) ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDINGS:
- terminal dendrites are enclosed in CT (meissner’s)

20
Q

sensory pathways

A
  • ascending / sensory pathways

- general senses contain 3 diff neurons [1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order]

21
Q

1st order neuron

A
  • in spinal nerve (part of PNS)
  • unipolar neurons have receptors
  • cell body is in ganglia outside CNS
  • synapse onto 2nd order in dorsal horn
22
Q

2nd order neuron

A
  • cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord / medulla
  • multipolar interneurons carry impulses to thalamus
  • in tracts
  • decussated in spinal cord / medulla
23
Q

3rd order neuron

A
  • cell body in thalamus
  • multipolar interneurons carry impulses to sensory cortex of CNS
  • in tracts
24
Q

ASCENDING TRACTS: non-specific ascending pathways

A
  • aware of sensation, but unable to detect origin
  • decussated in spinal cord
  • pick up pain, temp and sends to thalamus
25
Q

ASCENDING TRACTS: specific ascending pathways

A
  • sensations accurately detect origin

- decussates in medulla

26
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A
  • ascending tracts from spinal cord to cerebellum
  • receptor on 1st order neuron
  • 2nd order neuron goes to cerebellum
  • no conscious perception of activities
27
Q

what receptor is in the spinocerebellar pathway?

A

proprioceptors: detect changes in balance + body position

28
Q

motor pathways

A
  • efferent pathways send output away from CNS
  • CNS > efferent cells, muscles
  • all are multipolar
29
Q

motor pathways consists of…

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

30
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • effector cells are skeletal muscles

- consists of 2 neurons: upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons

31
Q

upper motor neurons

A
  • cell bodies in cerebral cortex + basal nuclei
  • multi-polar interneurons
  • descending tract contains: corticospinal tracts + indirect tracts
32
Q

upper motor neurons: descending tract

A

1) corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts: cell bodies in cortex
- 85 % decussate in medulla

2) indirect tracts: cell bodies in brainstem

33
Q

lower motor neurons

A
  • in PNS
  • cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
  • neurons transmit info from spinal nerves to effectors
34
Q

autonomic nervous system divisions

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

2. parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

35
Q

effector cells in autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands

36
Q

autonomic nervous system consists of

A

a) PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS:
- myelinated
- cell body in brain stem / spinal cord

b) POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS:
- unmyelinated
- cell body in ganglia

BIOL 1410 (22 decks)

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