Biochem & The Cell

Question 1

Structural Organization Levels

Answer 1

1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) organ system
6) organism

Question 2

Chemical Level

Answer 2

• most basic level

- atoms come together to form molecules

Question 3

Cellular Level

Answer 3

• smallest unit of life

- basic unit of structure

Question 4

Tissue Level

Answer 4

• same cells form tissue
• perform same function
• epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Question 5

Organ Level

Answer 5

• organs are composed of 2 or more tissues

Question 6

Organ System

Answer 6

• organs work together to accomplish function

Question 7

Organism

Answer 7

• organ systems perform functions (circulatory system)

Question 8

Atoms + Atomic Structure

Answer 8

• smallest unit of an element (all atoms are identical)

- contains P N E

Question 9

Chemical Bonds

Answer 9

• form b/w atoms to hold them together
• covalent (share)
• ionic (gain/lose)

Question 10

Inorganic Substances

Answer 10

• lack carbon
  1) water: polar molecule, solvent, temp. regulator
  2) acids: dissociate H+ ions in water
  3) bases: dissociate OH- ions in water

Question 11

pH Scale

Answer 11

pH=7 (neutral)
pH=0-6 (acidic)
pH=8-14 (basic)

Question 12

Organic Substances

Answer 12

• contains carbon
• large molecules
• covalent bonds

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

• sugars + starches
• C H O
• covalent bonds
  monosaccharides: 1 sugar
  disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides
  polysaccharide: multiple monosaccharides

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

• made up of 20 amino acids
• C H O N
• peptides: amino acids covalently bonded
  dipeptide (2 amino acids)
  polypeptide (2+ amino acids)
  protein (1 + polypeptide)
  functions: - structural (collagen + actin)
  - cell (hemoglobin + cytokines)

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

• human body are glycerides (made of glycerol + fatty acids)

- mono, di, triglyceride (prefix=num. fatty acids)

Question 16

Common Lipids

Answer 16

• phospholipid: diglyceride + phosphate
  (fatty acid=hydrophobic / phosphate head=hydrophillic)
• steroids: cholesterol (non-polar)

Question 17

Nucleic Acid

Answer 17

- C H O P N
composed of nucleotide:
- building block for DNA + RNA
- monosaccharide
- organic base

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

• nucleotide has deoxyribose sugar
• A G C T
• [A-T] 2 hydrogen bonds
• [G-C] 3 hydrogen bonds
• encode genes to produce RNA

Question 19

RNA

Answer 19

• nucleotide had ribose sugar
• A G C U
• used to make protein
• “translator” of DNA

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

• ribose sugar, adenine, phosphate group (PO4)
• high energy
• breaking bonds release energy for processes in cell

Question 21

Cell

Answer 21

• building block in body

- consists of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles

Question 22

Plasma Membrane

Answer 22

• separate intra and extracellular fluid

- consists of: phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, membrane carbohydrates, microvilli

Question 23

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 23

• phosphate head (face inside and outside cell)
• tails face interior
• cholesterol in human plasma membrane (stabilize temp)

Question 24

Membrane Proteins

Answer 24

• transmembrane: embedded + pass thru membrane
• peripheral membrane: attached to cytoplasmic/extracellular surface
• channel receptors + enzymes

Question 25

Membrane Carbohydrates

Answer 25

• outer surface (cell to cell recognition)

- attached to protein (glycoprotein) / lipid (glycolipid)

Question 26

Microvillus

Answer 26

• folds membrane

- used for nutrient absorption

Question 27

Cytoplasm

Answer 27

• viscous liquid b/w plasma membrane + nucleus

- composed of: cytosol, organelles (non-membranous + membranous)

Question 28

Cytoplasm: Cytosol

Answer 28

• semi-transparent viscous fluid
• water is main component
• dissolved Na+ Cl- K+ Ca2+
• melanin granules in certain cell

Question 29

Cytoplasm: Organelles (non-membranous) include…

Answer 29

• ribosomes
• centrosomes
• centrioles
• cytoskeleton

Question 30

Non-membranous: Ribosomes

Answer 30

• composed of rRNA + protein
• responsible for protein synthesis
• can be on rough ER

Question 31

non-membranous: centrosomes

Answer 31

• near nucleus

- contains granular matrix + 2 centrioles

Question 32

non-membranous: centrioles

Answer 32

• cylindrical organelles
• composed of microtubules
• function: movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 33

non-membranous: cytoskeleton

Answer 33

• holds shape
• anchors organelles
• move materials throughout cell
• made of: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 34

cytoplasm: organelles (membranous)

Answer 34

• mitochondria
• endoplasmic reticulum (rough + smooth)
• golgi apparatus

Question 35

membranous: mitochondria

Answer 35

• powerhouse of the cell
• produce ATP
• contains DNA, RNA, protein & water

Question 36

membranous: endoplasmis reticulum

Answer 36

• functions in transportation

rough: synthesize certain proteins
smooth: store calcium, detoxify substances, synthesize lipids

Question 37

membranous: golgi apparatus

Answer 37

• stacks of membranous disks
• modify new synthesized proteins making glycoprotein
• transport protein

Question 38

nucleus

Answer 38

• control center of cell
• continuous rough ER outer membrane

nucleolus: consists of RNA, DNA, protein & produces ribosomes

Question 39

chromosomes

Answer 39

• composed of DNA + histone proteins
  1) thread-like + dispensed
  2) coiled / condensed

Question 40

somatic cells

Answer 40

• make up the body

- humans have 23 pairs

Question 41

23 pairs of somatic cells

Answer 41

• each pair has a chromosome from each parent
• 22 pairs are homologous pairs
• 1 pair are homologous to female + non-homologous to males (determines the sex)