Blood & Circulation

Question 1

types of extracelluar fluids

Answer 1

interstitial fluid: surround all cells but blood cells

blood plasma: surrounds blood cells

lymph: in lymph vessels form component of lymphatic system

Question 2

blood characteristics (related to our body)

Answer 2

• composed of plasma + cells (formed elements)
• bodies contain 4-6 liters
• pH ranges 7.35 to 7.45
• temp: 38°C (higher than body temp since always moving)

Question 3

blood: plasma

Answer 3

• fluid component of blood
• 90% water
• 8% protein
  albumin: maintenance of tissue osmolarity + pH
  fibrinogen: clot formation
  globulins: transport immunoglobulins (hemoglobin + immunity)
• 2% other solutes (gases, nutrients, ions, hormones)

Question 4

blood: formed elements consists of…

Answer 4

RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes) and platelets

Question 5

formed elements: RBC

Answer 5

• lose nucleus at maturity (decrease lifespan of cell)
• produced in red bone marrow of ribs & sternum
• 4.3 to 5.8 mill. per mm^3
• lots of hemoglobin (heme + 4 protein chains)
• globin transports 20% of CO2

Question 6

RBC: heme

Answer 6

• contains iron that binds and transports O2 gas & always on carrier protein
• iron recycled for reuse
• heme remainder makes bilirubin in bile (release from gall bladder for digestion)

Question 7

hematocrit

Answer 7

percentage of blood volume that is RBC

Question 8

formed elements: WBC

Answer 8

• alive at maturity
• fight infection
• long lifespan
• 5000 to 10,000 per mm^3 (increases during infection)

Question 9

WBC: granulocytes consists of…

Answer 9

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 10

granulocytes: neutrophils

Answer 10

• function as phagocytes

- 60% of WBC

Question 11

granulocytes: eosinophils

Answer 11

• function destroy parasites
• control inflammation by turn off mediators
• 2.4% of WBC

Question 12

granulocytes: basophils

Answer 12

• produce histamines -> gives symptoms of allergy -> stimulate inflammation
• produce heparin < blood clot
• 0.1% of WBC

Question 13

WBC: agranulocytes consists of…

Answer 13

lymphocytes & monocytes

Question 14

agranulocytes: lymphocytes

Answer 14

• responsible for adaptive immunity: specific immune responses
• # increase during infection
• 20-25% of WBC

T lymphocytes: activation of immune response + kill infected host cells

B lymphocytes: in plasma cells that produce + secrete immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Question 15

agranulocytes: monocytes

Answer 15

• macrophages when mature
• present in tissue
• 4-8% of WBC

Question 16

formed elements: platelets

Answer 16

• formation of blood clots
• from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
• short lifespan
• 250,000 to 500,000 per mm^3

Question 17

hematopoiesis

Answer 17

• generation of formed elements present

- stem cells are hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow