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BIOL 1410 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle

A
  • division of somatic cell into 2 daughter cells

- include: interphase & mitotic phase

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2
Q

interphase occurences

A
  • 3 phases: G1, S, G2
  • chromosomes present as chromatin
  • genes are transcribed to mRNA to make protein
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3
Q

G1 phase

A
  • last 8-10 hours
  • growth and metabolism
  • results: replicated chromosomes
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4
Q

S phase

A
  • last 6-8 hours
  • DNA replicated + connected by centromere (sister chromatid)
  • kinetochore proteins attach to centromere
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5
Q

G2 phase

A
  • last 4-6 hours
  • enzymes and proteins are produced
  • 2 sister chromatids attached at centromere
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6
Q

mitosis

A
  • 1 hour to complete
  • growth and tissue repair
  • involves: mitosis & cytokinesis
  • results: 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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7
Q

prophase

A
  • chromatin is visible
  • nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear
  • centrosomes go to opposite poles
  • centromere have spindle fiber
  • kinetochore attach to spindle microtubules
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8
Q

metaphase

A
  • sister chromatids lines in center of cell (metaphase plate)
  • 46 chromosomes
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9
Q

anaphase

A
  • kinetochore fibers separate sister chromatids to pole

- cytokinesis begins

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10
Q

telophase

A
  • spindle break
  • chromosomes uncoil > chromatin
  • nuclear membrane & nucleoli appear
  • results: 2 identical daughter cells
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11
Q

meiosis

A
  • sex cells
  • 2n diploid to n haploid
  • includes: meiosis I & meiosis II
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12
Q

meiosis I

A
  • separate homologous pairs

- diploid to haploid

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13
Q

meiosis II

A
  • separate sister chromatids
  • result: 4 haploid gametes
  • steps are the same as meiosis I
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14
Q

prophase I

A
  • synapsis
  • tetrad: 4 sister chromatids
  • crossing over (in synapsis)
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15
Q

metaphase I

A
  • tetrad align at plate

- microtubules attach to kinetochore

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16
Q

anaphase I

A
  • homologous pairs separate to poles
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17
Q

telophase I

A
  • each pole has haploid number chromosomes
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18
Q

cytokinesis I

A
  • overlaps telophase

- results: 2 haploid w/ 2 sister chromatids

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19
Q

fertilization / development

A

haploid sperm + oocyte = diploid zygote

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20
Q

pre-embryonic develoment

A
  • first 2 weeks after fertilization
  • zygote > embryo

cleavage division: dividing cell > morula (solid ball of cells)

21
Q

gestation

A

morula divides > blastocyst

- 5 days after fertilization

22
Q

blastocyst

A
  • fluid filled cavity
  • composed of:
    trophoblast cell: surround blastocyst + provide nourishment (becomes chorion)
    embryoblast: becomes embryo
23
Q

implantation

A
  • attachment of blastocyst to endometrium
  • 5-7 days post
  • embryoblast > embryonic disk

disk consists of…

epiblast: rise to fetus
hypoblast: rise to yolk sac

24
Q

embryonic development

A
  • 3rd-8th week post

- endoblast layer has ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

25
Q

what happens at the 4th-8th week post??

A
  • major organs develop
  • heart beats
  • brains begins too develop
  • limb buds differenciate
26
Q

ectoderm

A

form nervous system + epidermal layer

27
Q

mesoderm

A

form muscle, bone, blood vessels, dermis

28
Q

endoderm

A

form epithelial layer of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract & associated glands

29
Q

embryonic membranes consist of…

A

1) amnion
2) yolk sac
3) chorion
4) allantois

30
Q

amnion

A
  • from epiblast

- filled cavity surrounding embryo (reduce disturbances)

31
Q

yolk sac

A
  • from hypoblast

- produce early blood & germ cells

32
Q

chorion

A
  • from trophoblast cells
  • fetal portion of placenta
  • surrounds embryonic membranes
33
Q

allantois

A
  • pocketing of yolk sac

- umbilical cord & urinary bladder

34
Q

fetal development

A
  • 9th-40th week
35
Q

inheritance

A
  • transfer of genetically determined characteristics
36
Q

genetics

A

study of inheritance

37
Q

genes

A

segment of DNA on chromosome to direct protein synthesis

38
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA + histone proteins

39
Q

alleles

A

same locus on chromosome

40
Q

homozgous alleles

A

both gene copies encode same version of gene

41
Q

heterozygous alleles

A

both gene copies encode diff. version of gene

42
Q

dominant allele

A

fully exposed trait

43
Q

recessive allele

A

can be hidden by dominant

44
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of person

45
Q

phenotype

A

how genotype is expressed

46
Q

sex chromosomes: male & female

A

male: never homozygous (genotype depends on X carriers)
female: can be homo/hetero (X chromosomes carry same gene at same loci)

47
Q

what is a punnett square?

A

predicts characteristic of offspring + probability of inheritance

48
Q

what is autosomal inheritance?

A

genes located on chromosomes 1-22

BIOL 1410 (22 decks)

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