Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
circulatory system includes…
A
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
- lymphatic system
2
Q
functions of circulatory system
A
- transport gas, hormone, lymph, nutrients and waste
- protect against disease and fluid loss
3
Q
chambers of the heart
A
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
4
Q
chambers of the heart: right atrium
A
receives deoxygenated blood from vena cavas + coronary sinus
5
Q
chambers of the heart: left atrium
A
receives oxygenated blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins
6
Q
chambers of the heart: right ventricle
A
sends deoxygenated blood to lungs through pulmonary trunk (2 pulmonary arteries)
7
Q
chambers of the heart: left ventricle
A
sends oxygenated blood to the rest of the body thru aorta
8
Q
veins function
A
carry blood to the heart
9
Q
arteries function
A
carry blood away from heart
10
Q
septa
A
divides chambers of the heart
- interatrial septum: separates atria
- interventricular septum: separates ventricles
(on the outside of heart as groove -> interventricular sulcus)
11
Q
different vessels of the heart
A
- superior + inferior vena cava
- pulmonary veins
- pulmonary arteries
- aorta
12
Q
vessels of the heart: superior + inferior vena cava
A
deliver blood into the right atrium of heart
13
Q
vessels of the heart: pulmonary veins
A
return oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium of the heart
14
Q
vessels of the heart: pulmonary arteries
A
takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs
15
Q
vessels of the heart: aorta
A
takes oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body (systemic circulation)
16
Q
heart wall is composed of…
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
17
Q
heart wall: epicardium
A
- makes visceral layer of the pericardium
- stratified squamous + CT
18
Q
heart wall: myocardium
A
- cardiac muscle that contracts
- spiral / circular bundles
- CT referred to fibrous skeleton of the heart
19
Q
heart wall: endocardium
A
- endothelium that lines inner surface of heart + blood vessels
- simple squamous + CT
20
Q
fibrous skeleton characteristics
A
- connective tissue fibers surrounding muscles of the heart + insulate
- prevents stretching of the vessels + valves
- contains rings of CT b/w atria + ventricles
21
Q
fibrous skeleton: rings of CT
A
- b/w atria + ventricles
- allows openings to stay open
- valves close portions of heart prevent back flow
- valves found at atrioventricular groove
22
Q
cardiac muscle characteristics
A
- striated w/ myofibrils
- thin + think filaments arranged into sarcomeres
23
Q
differences of cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle
A
- are branched and uninucleate
- are connected by plasma membrane forming intercalated discs
- desmosomes prevent cells from separating during contraction
- gap junctions allow exchange of ions > allows conduction of electrical impulses + contract in unison
24
Q
conduction system
A
- modified cells (do not contract) allowing for conduction of electrical impulses
25
components of conduction system
- sinoatrial node: base of superior vena cava (pacemaker)
- atrioventricular node (AV node): base of right atrium
- bundle of HIS: electrically connects atria to ventricles
- bundle branches: connect bundle of HIS to ventricles
- purkinje fibers: supply signal through each ventricles
26
heart valves: atrioventricular valve
bicuspid (mitral) valve:
- divides left atrium + left ventricle
tricuspid valve:
- divides right atrium + right ventricle
27
heart valves: semilunar valves
- 3 cusps
aortic semilunar valves:
- divide left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary semilunar valves:
- divide right ventricle + pulmonary trunk
28
chordae tendineae
- atrioventricular valves
- attach cusps to cardiac muscles (papillary muscles)
- collagen CT
- heart strings
29
location and coverings of the heart
location: mediastinum (area b/w lungs in chest cavity)
coverings:
pericardium - double walled sac (3 layers)
- layer 1: fibrous pericardium -> outermost layer made of dense irregular + anchors heart to surrounding tissue
- layer 2: serous pericardium -> 2 layers (parietal + visceral layer)
30
pericardial cavity
- area b/w visceral layer and parietal layer
| - fluid filled for lubrication
31
adult circulation: pulmonary circulation
- delivers + return blood to and from the lungs for oxygenation
R atrium > R ventricle > lungs (pulmonary arteries) > L atrium (pulmonary veins)
32
adult circulation: systemic circulation
- deliver + return blood to and from entire body
L atrium > L ventricle > aorta > body
- at organs oxygen is "swapped" with carbon dioxide
- nutrients are delivered to cells and metabolism waste is added
33
missing components of the fetus circulation & what occurs then
- lungs + liver are non-functional (caps oxygen + nutrient requirements) > blood diverted away
- placenta is site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange
34
fetal circulation: "systemic + pulmonary"
- receives blood from placenta (site for gas + nutrient/wasre exchange) to right artium thru umbilical vein & vena cavas (ductus venosus)
1) thru foramen ovale to the left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> fetus organs (circuit again) / umbilical artery (back to mother)
2) right ventricle -> [aorta (ductus arteriosis) -> umbilical artery / fetal organs] AND/OR [lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> fetus organs / umbilical artery]
35
what is coronary circulation?
process of oxygenated blood being sent to the myocardium to provide oxygen + nutrients to these cells
36
basic path of coronary circulation
(oxygenated) L ventricle > aorta > L & R coronary arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > cardiac veins > coronary sinus > (deoxygenated) R atrium > lungs
37
coronary circulation: left coronary artery
- supplies left side w/ oxygenated blood
anterior interventricular artery: supplies interventricular septum + anterior wall of ventricles
circumflex artery: supplies L atrium + posterior walls of L ventricle
38
coronary circulation: right coronary artery
posterior interventricular artery: supplies posterior ventricular walls
right marginal artery: supplies myocardium
39
blood vessels are composed of...
- lumen
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa
40
blood vessels: lumen
central area/cavity contains blood
41
blood vessels: tunica intima
- innermost layer contacting blood
| - simple squamous continuous with endothelial living of heart
42
blood vessels: tunica media
- circularly arranged smooth muscle
| - sheets of elastin
43
blood vessels: tunica externa
- outermost layer
- loose collagen fibers
- anchors vessels
44
blood vessel path
heart > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > heart
45
types of arteries
elastic arteries: mainly in tunica media
muscular arteries: smooth muscles mainly concentrated in tunica media
46
arterioles
- smallest arteries
| - muscular vessels that regulate flow + pressure of blood
47
capillaries
- only in tunica intima (endothelium + basements membrane)
| - nutrients, waste and gas exchange with cells
48
venules
- smallest veins
small: only in tunica intima
large: very thin tunica intima + externa
49
veins
- valves prevents back flow
| - large lumen + thin tunica intima (prone to collapse)
