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BIOL 1410 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

circulatory system includes…

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
  • lymphatic system
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2
Q

functions of circulatory system

A
  • transport gas, hormone, lymph, nutrients and waste

- protect against disease and fluid loss

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3
Q

chambers of the heart

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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4
Q

chambers of the heart: right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from vena cavas + coronary sinus

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5
Q

chambers of the heart: left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins

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6
Q

chambers of the heart: right ventricle

A

sends deoxygenated blood to lungs through pulmonary trunk (2 pulmonary arteries)

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7
Q

chambers of the heart: left ventricle

A

sends oxygenated blood to the rest of the body thru aorta

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8
Q

veins function

A

carry blood to the heart

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9
Q

arteries function

A

carry blood away from heart

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10
Q

septa

A

divides chambers of the heart

  • interatrial septum: separates atria
  • interventricular septum: separates ventricles
    (on the outside of heart as groove -> interventricular sulcus)
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11
Q

different vessels of the heart

A
  • superior + inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
  • aorta
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12
Q

vessels of the heart: superior + inferior vena cava

A

deliver blood into the right atrium of heart

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13
Q

vessels of the heart: pulmonary veins

A

return oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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14
Q

vessels of the heart: pulmonary arteries

A

takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

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15
Q

vessels of the heart: aorta

A

takes oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the body (systemic circulation)

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16
Q

heart wall is composed of…

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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17
Q

heart wall: epicardium

A
  • makes visceral layer of the pericardium

- stratified squamous + CT

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18
Q

heart wall: myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle that contracts
  • spiral / circular bundles
  • CT referred to fibrous skeleton of the heart
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19
Q

heart wall: endocardium

A
  • endothelium that lines inner surface of heart + blood vessels
  • simple squamous + CT
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20
Q

fibrous skeleton characteristics

A
  • connective tissue fibers surrounding muscles of the heart + insulate
  • prevents stretching of the vessels + valves
  • contains rings of CT b/w atria + ventricles
21
Q

fibrous skeleton: rings of CT

A
  • b/w atria + ventricles
  • allows openings to stay open
  • valves close portions of heart prevent back flow
  • valves found at atrioventricular groove
22
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  • striated w/ myofibrils

- thin + think filaments arranged into sarcomeres

23
Q

differences of cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle

A
  • are branched and uninucleate
  • are connected by plasma membrane forming intercalated discs
  • desmosomes prevent cells from separating during contraction
  • gap junctions allow exchange of ions > allows conduction of electrical impulses + contract in unison
24
Q

conduction system

A
  • modified cells (do not contract) allowing for conduction of electrical impulses
25
Q

components of conduction system

A
  • sinoatrial node: base of superior vena cava (pacemaker)
  • atrioventricular node (AV node): base of right atrium
  • bundle of HIS: electrically connects atria to ventricles
  • bundle branches: connect bundle of HIS to ventricles
  • purkinje fibers: supply signal through each ventricles
26
Q

heart valves: atrioventricular valve

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve:
- divides left atrium + left ventricle

tricuspid valve:
- divides right atrium + right ventricle

27
Q

heart valves: semilunar valves

A
  • 3 cusps
    aortic semilunar valves:
  • divide left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary semilunar valves:
- divide right ventricle + pulmonary trunk

28
Q

chordae tendineae

A
  • atrioventricular valves
  • attach cusps to cardiac muscles (papillary muscles)
  • collagen CT
  • heart strings
29
Q

location and coverings of the heart

A

location: mediastinum (area b/w lungs in chest cavity)

coverings:
pericardium - double walled sac (3 layers)

  • layer 1: fibrous pericardium -> outermost layer made of dense irregular + anchors heart to surrounding tissue
  • layer 2: serous pericardium -> 2 layers (parietal + visceral layer)
30
Q

pericardial cavity

A
  • area b/w visceral layer and parietal layer

- fluid filled for lubrication

31
Q

adult circulation: pulmonary circulation

A
  • delivers + return blood to and from the lungs for oxygenation

R atrium > R ventricle > lungs (pulmonary arteries) > L atrium (pulmonary veins)

32
Q

adult circulation: systemic circulation

A
  • deliver + return blood to and from entire body

L atrium > L ventricle > aorta > body

  • at organs oxygen is “swapped” with carbon dioxide
  • nutrients are delivered to cells and metabolism waste is added
33
Q

missing components of the fetus circulation & what occurs then

A
  • lungs + liver are non-functional (caps oxygen + nutrient requirements) > blood diverted away
  • placenta is site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange
34
Q

fetal circulation: “systemic + pulmonary”

A
  • receives blood from placenta (site for gas + nutrient/wasre exchange) to right artium thru umbilical vein & vena cavas (ductus venosus)
    1) thru foramen ovale to the left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> fetus organs (circuit again) / umbilical artery (back to mother)
    2) right ventricle -> [aorta (ductus arteriosis) -> umbilical artery / fetal organs] AND/OR [lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> fetus organs / umbilical artery]
35
Q

what is coronary circulation?

A

process of oxygenated blood being sent to the myocardium to provide oxygen + nutrients to these cells

36
Q

basic path of coronary circulation

A

(oxygenated) L ventricle > aorta > L & R coronary arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > cardiac veins > coronary sinus > (deoxygenated) R atrium > lungs

37
Q

coronary circulation: left coronary artery

A
  • supplies left side w/ oxygenated blood

anterior interventricular artery: supplies interventricular septum + anterior wall of ventricles

circumflex artery: supplies L atrium + posterior walls of L ventricle

38
Q

coronary circulation: right coronary artery

A

posterior interventricular artery: supplies posterior ventricular walls

right marginal artery: supplies myocardium

39
Q

blood vessels are composed of…

A
  • lumen
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
40
Q

blood vessels: lumen

A

central area/cavity contains blood

41
Q

blood vessels: tunica intima

A
  • innermost layer contacting blood

- simple squamous continuous with endothelial living of heart

42
Q

blood vessels: tunica media

A
  • circularly arranged smooth muscle

- sheets of elastin

43
Q

blood vessels: tunica externa

A
  • outermost layer
  • loose collagen fibers
  • anchors vessels
44
Q

blood vessel path

A

heart > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > heart

45
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic arteries: mainly in tunica media

muscular arteries: smooth muscles mainly concentrated in tunica media

46
Q

arterioles

A
  • smallest arteries

- muscular vessels that regulate flow + pressure of blood

47
Q

capillaries

A
  • only in tunica intima (endothelium + basements membrane)

- nutrients, waste and gas exchange with cells

48
Q

venules

A
  • smallest veins

small: only in tunica intima
large: very thin tunica intima + externa

49
Q

veins

A
  • valves prevents back flow

- large lumen + thin tunica intima (prone to collapse)

BIOL 1410 (22 decks)

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