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BIOL 1410 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system consist of…

A
  • central nervous system CNS

- peripheral nervous system PNS

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2
Q

what causes impulses?

A

nervous system stimulation causes electrical signals

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3
Q

stimulus

A

causes change in internal + external environment

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4
Q

receptors

A

converts energy from stimulus into electrical impulses (functional cell of nervous system)

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5
Q

PNS portion of body

A

nerves

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6
Q

CNS portion of body

A

brain + spinal cord

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7
Q

effectors consist of…

A

muscles + glands

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8
Q

cells of nervous system

A
  • glial cells

- neurons

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9
Q

glial cells (neuroglia) characteristics

A
  • function to support neurons
  • capable of mitosis
  • more of these (85% of brain cells)
  • 6 types: 4 in CNS & 2 in PNS
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10
Q

types of glial cells in CNS

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
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11
Q

astrocytes

A

form portion of the blood brain barrier

- surround blood capillaries

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12
Q

microglia

A 
function in protection against infection
- becomes phagocyte
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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines cavities in CNS, ventricles + spinal canal

- secrete + circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

function to produce myelin

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15
Q

what is myelin?

A

fatty insulating substance that surrounds the axons of neurons

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16
Q

types of glial cells in PNS

A
  1. schwann cells

2. satellite cells

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17
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath of neuronal axons located in PNS

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18
Q

satellite cells

A

found around neuronal cell bodied in ganglia

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19
Q

neuron characteristics

A
  • function to integrate + store info
  • conduct electrical impulses
  • ~15% of brain cells
  • cannot reproduce
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20
Q

neuronal structure consist of…

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
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21
Q

cell body characteristics

A
  • contain typical cellular organelles w/ exception of centrioles
  • rough ER is called Nissl bodies
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22
Q

why are centrioles not in the cell body of neurons?

A

centrioles cannot complete mitosis

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23
Q

dendrites characteristics

A
  • short, branching projections from cell body

- receive incoming messages + send to cell body

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24
Q

axons characteristics

A
  • extends from cell body
  • myelinated / unmyelinated
  • generates + transmits nerve impulses
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25
Q

what joins the cell body + axon?

A

axon hillock

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26
Q

what’s at the end of the axons?

A

axon terminal that contains synaptic end bodies

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27
Q

what is a myelinated axon sheath?

A

wrap around axon that has many layers of cell membrane

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28
Q

what produces myelin?

A

schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

- lipoprotein

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29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin along axon

30
Q

where are the myelinated neurons?

A

CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves

31
Q

neurons can be classified based on…

A

structural / functional classification

32
Q

structural classification is + has…

A
  • according to number of processes extending from cell body

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

33
Q

multipolar

A

many processes ext. from cell body

  • 1 axon many dendrites
  • interneurons + motor neurons
34
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes ext. from cell body

  • 1 axon 1 dendrite
  • sensory neurons (sight+olfaction)
35
Q

unipolar

A

one process ext. from cell body

  • divides into peripheral + central processes
  • always sensory neurons
36
Q

functional classification is + has…

A
  • according to direction of impulse propagation

afferent/sensory, efferent/motor, interneurons

37
Q

afferent/sensory neurons

A
  • collected by sensory receptors toward CNS

- unipolar

38
Q

efferent/ motor neurons

A
  • move from CNS to effector cells

- multipolar neurons

39
Q

interneurons

A
  • b/w sensory + motor neurons-
  • transmit in CNS
  • 99% of neurons
  • most are multipolar
40
Q

synapse types

A
  1. neuronal synapses
  2. neuromuscular junction
  3. neuroglandular junction
41
Q

neuronal synapses

A
  • occurs b/w 2 neurons

- can be chemical / electric

42
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
  • b/w motor neuron + sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
43
Q

neuroglandular junction

A
  • b/w motor neuron + gland
44
Q

chemical synapses consist of…

A

pre-synaptic + post-synaptic

45
Q

pre- synaptic neuron

A
  • brings in the signal
  • axon terminal w/ synaptic end bulbs
  • bulbs have neurotransmitters
46
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers released upon stimulus

47
Q

post-synaptic neuron

A
  • dendrites receives signal

- membrane of dendrites have specific receptors for neurotransmitter

48
Q

nervous tissues composed of…

A

gray matter + white matter

49
Q

gray matter

A
  • from aggregation of neuronal cell bodies + dendrites

- has nuclei + ganglia

50
Q

what are nuclei?

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

51
Q

what are ganglia?

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodied in PNS

52
Q

white matter

A
  • composed of myelinated axons

- has tracts + nerves

53
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of myelinated axons in CNS

54
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundles of myelinated axons in PNS

55
Q

what protects the CNS?

A
  1. bone
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid?
56
Q

meninges are…

A

CT membranes that surround the brain + spinal cord

57
Q

meninges consist of…

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

58
Q

dura mater around the brain

A
  • 2 layers (fused)
  • some areas are filled w/ venous fluid
  • areas are separated by dural sinuses
59
Q

dura mater around spinal cord

A
  • single layer
  • epidural space separates dura mater + vertebral canal (filled w/ CT, fat + vasculature)
  • subdural space separates dura mater + arachnoid mater (filled with interstitial fluid)
60
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • beneath subdural space
  • avascular
  • brain has arachnoid villi into dural sinuses (deliver CSF into blood)
  • subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
61
Q

pia mater

A

vascular layer located on top of the brain + spinal cord

62
Q

what causes meningitis?

A

inflammation of meninges

63
Q

cerebrospinal fluid characteristics

A
  • located around CNS
  • produced by blood vessels of ventricles (choroid plexuses)
  • function: insulate brain + allows brain to float in cavity
64
Q

ventricles of the brain

A
  • 2 lateral in cerebrum
  • 1 in diencephalon
  • 1 in hindbrain
  • central canal of spinal cord included
65
Q

circulation of CSF

A

CSF (interventricular foramen) > 3rd ventricle (cerebral aqueduct) > 4th ventricle > subarachnoid space (arachnoid villi) > dural sinus > cerebral sinus > heart

66
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • results from accumulation of fluid in ventricles
  • occurs b/c cerebral aqueduct becomes blocked
  • causes damage to brain tissue
67
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • from by capillaries w/ tight junctions b/w endothelial cells
  • astrocytes are closely associated w/ endothelial cells
  • allows for certain materials (fat soluble substances) to pass thru
68
Q

circle of willis

A
  • cerebral arteries at base of forebrain

- blood pressure is constant

69
Q

what causes a constant flow of blood to the brain and why? what prevents the flow from stopping?

A

circle of willis

  • so oxygen + nutrients can be adequately delivered
  • if there were a blockage, circle shape creates an alternate path
70
Q

artery flow in circle of wilis

A

2 vertebral arteries > basilar artery > posterior cerebral arteries

71
Q

function of posterior cerebral arteries

A

carry blood from occipital lobe to temporal lobe

72
Q

internal carotid arteries in circle of willis

A

two arteries deliver blood to either

  1. middle cerebral artery
  2. anterior cerebral arteries (joined by anterior communicating artery)
  3. posterior communicating arteries

BIOL 1410 (22 decks)

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