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BIOL 1410 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS consists of…

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

brain consists of…

A
  • forebrain (cerebrum + diencephalon)
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain (pons, medulla oblangata, cerebellum)
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3
Q

FOREBRAIN: cerebrum

A
  • largest portion of the brain
  • 2 hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
  • 5 lobes
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4
Q

5 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. frontal: motor function
  2. temporal: memory function
  3. parietal: sensory function
  4. occipital: visual function
  5. insula: visceral sensations
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5
Q

fissures in brain

A
  • longitudinal fissure: divides hemispheres

- transverse fissure: separates cerebrum + cerebellum

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6
Q

sulcus’ in brain

A
  • central sulcus: separates frontal lobe + parietal lobe

- lateral sulcus: separates temporal lobe + cerebrum

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7
Q

what are gyri

A
  • elevated folds over most brain surface

- separated by sulcus

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8
Q

gyri in the brain

A
  • precentral gyrus: in frontal lobe

- postcentral gyrus: in parietal lobe

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9
Q

cerebral hemispheres main regions

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • white matter
  • basal nuclei
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10
Q

cerebrum: cerebral cortex

A
  • gray matter visible on surface
  • 2-4mm thick
  • 3 functional areas
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11
Q

cerebral cortex: motor area

A
  • in frontal lobe
  • controls skeletal muscle movement
  • primary area, premotor area, Broca’s area
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12
Q

primary area location in motor area

A

on precentral gyrus

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13
Q

premotor area location in motor area

A

anterior to precentral gyrus

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14
Q

Broca’s area in motor area

A

only in one hemisphere (controls speech muscles)

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15
Q

cerebral cortex: sensory area

A
  • processes sensory info

- in postcentral gyrus (pain, temp, touch + pressure)

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16
Q

specialized senses of sensory area

A
  • VISION: occipital lobe
  • AUDITORY + OLFACTORY: temporal lobe
  • TASTE: insular lobe
  • VISCERAL SENSATIONS
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17
Q

cerebral cortex: association area

A
  • in parietal, occipital + temporal lobes
  • allows recall/recognition of memories
  • intellect is in frontal lobe
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18
Q

cerebrum: white matter

A
  • composed of myelinated axons

- has association, commissural + projection tracts

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19
Q

white matter: association tracts (cerebrum)

A

transmit info from gyrus to gyrus is same hemisphere

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20
Q

white matter: commissural tract (cerebrum)

A

transmit info from gyrus to gyrus in opposite hemisphere

corpus callosum

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21
Q

white matter: projection tracts (cerebrum)

A
  • runs vertically

- transmit info b/w brain + spinal cord

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22
Q

cerebrum: basal nuclei

A
  • paired masses of gray matter in white matter of cerebrum

- function to modify skeletal movements

23
Q

FOREBRAIN: diencephalon

A
  • consists of thalamus + hypothalamus
24
Q

diencephalon: thalamus

A
  • from 2 lobes connected by bridge of gray matter (intermediate mass)
  • superior to midbrain
  • relay center from sensory impulses to cortex
25
Q

diencephalon: hypothalamus

A
  • inferior to thalamus + superior to pituitary gland
  • made of gray matter
  • both endocrine + nervous function
26
Q

hypothalamus function

A

major regulator of internal environment

blood pressure + heart rate

27
Q

midbrain

A
  • connects pons and diencephalon
  • contains the cerebral aqueduct
  • anterior portion
  • posterior portion
28
Q

anterior portion of the midbrain

A

contains projection tracts (cerebral peduncles)

29
Q

posterior portion of the midbrain

A
  • corpora quadrigemina (4 nuclei)
30
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A
  • 2 superior nuclei (superior colliculi: control visual reflexes allow movement of head + eyes
  • 2 POSTERIOR NUCLEI (inferior colliculi: control auditory reflexes - relay center for impulses that arise at receptors)
31
Q

midbrain cranial nerves

A

III: oculomotor
IV: trochlear

32
Q

hindbrain consists of…

A
  • pons, medulla + cerebellum
33
Q

HINDBRAIN: pons

A
  • anterior to cerebellum
  • connects medulla to midbrain
  • forms portion of 4th ventricle
  • home of pontine respiratory center
34
Q

pons cranial nerves

A

V: trigeminal
VI: abducens
VII: facial

35
Q

pontine respiratory center function

A

assists medulla in maintaining normal breathing rhythms

36
Q

HINDBRAIN: medulla oblongata

A
  • begins at foramen magnum and blends brain into spinal cord
  • forms part of 4th ventricle
  • contain 2 pyramids
  • brainstem consists of midbrain, pons + medulla
37
Q

medulla oblongata pyramids

A
  • large motor tracts (corticospinal tracts)

- decussate before spinal cord > brain controls opposite sides of body

38
Q

medulla oblongata cranial nerves

A

IX: glosspharyngeal
X: vagus
XI: accessory
XII: hypoglossal

39
Q

medulla oblongata vital centers

A

CARDIAC: adjusts force of contraction + heart rate
VASOMOTOR: adjusts blood vessel diameter
RESPIRATORY: works w/ pontine nuclei

40
Q

medulla oblongata non-vital centers

A
  • swallowing
  • coughing
  • vomiting
  • sneezing
41
Q

HINDBRAIN: cerebellum

A
  • located on dorsal portion of brain (posterior to pons and medulla)
  • contains folds: folia
  • houses portion of 4th ventricle
42
Q

cerebellum: cortex

A
  • formed from gray matter

- inside is white matter (arbor vitae)

43
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  • skeletal muscle contraction
  • posture
  • balance
44
Q

functional systems of the brain

A

1) limbic system

2) reticular formation

45
Q

limbic system

A
  • regulate emotions and emotional behaviours

- network of nuclei in cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon

46
Q

reticular formation

A
  • located in brainstem, midbrain, pons + medulla
  • function: keep alert + attentive
  • anesthetics + sleeping pills affect this area
47
Q

what occurs to inhibition of reticular formation?

A

results in sleep

48
Q

what happens when reticular formation is damaged?

A

places them into a coma

49
Q

spinal cord flow

A
  • begins below foramen magnum

- terminates in lumbar region (CONUS MEDULLARIS > exit vertebral foramina [cauda equina])

50
Q

spinal cord contains

A
  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral segments (correspond to vertebral sections)
  • filum terminale: from CT extension of pia mater
51
Q

spinal cord functions

A

take in sensory information and generate motor output and reflexes

52
Q

spinal cord cross-section

A
  • separated into right and left halves
  • anterior median fissure (ventral side)
  • posterior median sulcus (dorsal side)
  • central canal (middle)
53
Q

spinal cord: gray matter

A
  • contains cell bodies + dendrites of motor neurons + interneurons
  • dorsal horns integrate sensory info
  • ventral + lateral horn generate motor output
54
Q

spinal cord: white matter

A
  • myelinated axons of ascending [sensory info] and descending [motor info] tracts
  • in dorsal, ventral + lateral columns

BIOL 1410 (22 decks)

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