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ch3 251 > percpetion 351 > Flashcards

percpetion 351 Flashcards

1
Q

what is percpetion

A

experience resulting from the stimulation of senses

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2
Q

basic characteristics of perception

A

can change due to added info

its a process

rule baed sequential stages

relies of past experince

connected to action

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3
Q

diff between percpetion and sensation

A

sesnations - receiving stim energies from environment

percpetion - interperating sensory info - applying meaning to it

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4
Q

the human perceptual system uses two types of information

A

enviornmental energy stimulating receptors

knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation

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5
Q

what is the bottom up theory of perception

A

Direct Perception Theory

percpetions come from stim in environment
parts are identified then we can recognize it

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6
Q

what is the top down perception theory

A

Constructive Percpetion Theory

people actively construct percpetions using info based on expectations

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7
Q

bottum processing starts with _

top down processing starts with _

A

bottum up – starts with senses, assembles and integrates sensory info, fit puzzle pieces together

top down - starts with brain - relies on past experience and expectations to figure it out, looks at compkete puzzle and thinking if it realtes to things you have seen in past - schema driven

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8
Q

whats a shema

A

mental molds we pour experience into

relying on past knowledge and experince of the world

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9
Q

what is Biederman’s RBC theory

is it top down or bottom up

A

Recogntion by Components

theory of Geons. fit those puzzle peices together

bottum up

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10
Q

4 aspects of geons that make them a good tool
how many are there

A

Discriminability - easily to tell apart

Resistant to Visual Noise

Invariance - recognizable no matter hte texture, markings,

Distinctiveness - there are 36

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11
Q

bottum up evidence supporting RBC

A

we are able to recognize objects from geon combos

priming studies - airplane example

viewpoint invariance studies - blender example

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12
Q

is the following rules top down or bottum up

we make inferneces based on context
like surrounding elements of visual scene (apple on ground vs platter)
knowledge and expectations on the past

A

Top Down Processing

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13
Q

stroop effect is example of TD or BU

A

top down

words in diff colours

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14
Q

what is HemHoltz’s theory of Unconcsious Inference

top down or bottum up

what principle does he mention

A

our perceptiosn result from unconscious assumtpions we make about the enviornment

we infer much of what we know about the world

Likelihood Principle - we perceive world in way that is most likely based on past experiences

draws on past experiences to unconsisuly fill in the gaps

top down

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15
Q

what are the Gestalt Laws

bu or td

A

mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization

heuristics based on waht usually happens in the environment - fast

‘whole is greater than the sum of its parts’

Bottum Up

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16
Q

what is the PHI Phenomenon

A

the reason animation creates a look of motion

skeleton dance

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17
Q

what is the gestalt law of perceptual organization

A

law of good contnuation

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

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18
Q

what is the gestalt law of perceptual organization

A

law of simplicity and good figure

every stimulus pattern is seen so teh resulting strucutre is as simple as possible

olympic flags

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19
Q

what is the gestalt law of Similarity

A

similar things appear grouped together

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20
Q

what is the gestalt law of Proximity

A

nearby objects appear grouped together

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21
Q

what is the gestalt law of Closure

A

seperate elements will tend to be grouped to form closed figures

circle with holes in some parts

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22
Q

what is the gestalt law of Familiartiy

A

things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaninful

forest has eyes painting

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23
Q

what are environmental regularities

td or bu

2 common properties we look out for are

A

common physical properties of an environment we expect to see learned form expereince

top down

the 2 common properties we look for are physical - light form colour and semantic - looking for the meaning or purpose or function

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24
Q

physical environmental regualrities

what is oblique effect

A

we perceive verticals & horizontals easier than other orientations

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25
Q

physical environmental regualrities

light from above assumptin

A

we assume light comes from above because that is most common

we perceive shadows as information about depth and distance

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26
Q

Sematnic environmental regualrities -

A

the meaning of a given scene is related to waht happens within that scene

Sem Regularities are the characteristics associated with functions carried out in diff types of scenes

Scene Schema - doctors office example

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27
Q

how does the Bayesian Inference Theorem Work

A

H = Hypothesis
E= Evidence (observation)
P(H) - Prior Probability
how likely is the hypothesis before considering the evidence

P(H|E) - Posterior Prob - how likely is hypothesis H given the evidence E

P(E|H) - posterier
divided by
P(E)
= likelihood
how likely is the evidence E, given hypothesis H, compared to how likely the evidence E is overall

28
Q

single double dissocation test in Monkeys - they gave them what 2 tasks in this experiment

A

Object Discrimination - monkey’s job to pick correct shape - tells us about making choices on WHAT we see

Landmark Discrimination - asked to put food in the well closer to cylinder, choices about WHERE something is located

WHAT and WHERE

29
Q

Single and Double Diss in Monkey’s

gave monkey brain lesion in Temporal Lobe
it did well on _ task and poor on _ task

A

monkeys performed poorer on Object Discrimination tasks - hard to pick correct shape

But no effect on the landmark task - knew where it was, not what it was

single dissociaton

30
Q

Single and Double Diss in Monkey’s

gave monkey brain lesion in Parietal Lobe
it did well on _ task and poor on _ task

A

Found monkeys performed worse on Landmark task

But could do the object discrimination task

31
Q

what is the double diss in the monkey what and where study

A

because a lesion in the temporal lobe imparied them on the WHAT task but not the where task

and a lesion in Parietal lobe impaired them on the WHERE task but not the what task

32
Q

where is the where pathway

A

along Parietal Lobe, Dorsal Pathway

33
Q

where is the WHAT pathway

A

takes same visual info from Occipital lobe, processed along Ventral pathway, into Temporal Lobe

34
Q

parietal lobe does what - monkey

A

process object’s location in relation to the viewer

35
Q

temporal lobe does what - monkey

A

object and visual identification and recognition

36
Q

patient DF is used to demonstrate a single dissocaiton - waht is their brain damage, what task could they do, what ability did they lose?

A

part of their **Temporal and Occipital Lobe were damaged **

could perceive objects see them but could not recognize them
couldnt draw apple in front of them if asked to,
if asked to draw an apple from memory they could

37
Q

how did DF do when performing the mail slot activity

A

DF could not line up the card with the slot
she could mail the card, but not line it up, as she was unable to perceive the Slot

38
Q

did DF have damage to the WHAT or WHERE path

A

df had damage in the WHAT pathway

‘dorsal failure’

39
Q

what syndrome is an exmaple of damage in the WHERE pathway

A

balint’s syndrome

40
Q

what is Balint’s Syndrome cause

what do they see when looking at a forest

A

lack of coordination between visual inputs and movements
unable to complete visually guided tasks like maling card in slot

can not follow objects with thier eyes - have to turn whole head to see

can not see the forest, can see the individual trees

41
Q

what are the causes of Balint’s Syndrome

A

strokes - swelling in pareital region
brain lesions
alzheimers
head trauma

42
Q

in balin’t syndrome - ___ of object is impared but ___ of object is not

A

nagivation of where an object is is Imapiredl but identification of the object is not

43
Q

why are DF and Balint’s a Double Diss

A

Balint’s = damage to Dorsal/WHERE path
can identify objects but can not navigate/facilitate movement through space. pareital lobe damage

DF = damage to Ventral/WHAT path, can not perceive/identify objects they see, but can faciliate movement through space. temporal lobe damage

44
Q

more specifically what brain part is damaged in balint’s

A

Bilateral Posterior Parietal Damage

posterior = back of head

45
Q

what is the ebbinghaus illusion?

A

circles in the middle surrounded by other cirlces make them look bigger or smaller than they are (bigger if surrounded by small cirlces, smaller if surrounded by big cirlces)

perceputaly diff, physically identical

46
Q

the reverse Ebbinghaus illusion makes the circles look the same sizes when they are diff sizes

what did we learn when measuring a hand’s grasp appeture

meaning our __ path was fooled but our __ was not

A

even tho we perceive 2 cirlces as same size, our aperture does change to pick up the larger circle

What pathway was fooled, the Where pathway was not

47
Q

what do we see in the Ponzo Illusion

A

graph behind image makes us perceive line 2 as bigger than line 1 - but they are same size

48
Q

describe Ventral pathway

what is it responsible for

its hte W—- path

A

has the same Sensory info going from Occipital Lobe to the Temporal Lobe

responsible for Visual Perception of what we think we see

WHAT (why)

49
Q

describe Dorsal pathway

what is it responsible for

its hte W—- path

A

has the same Sensory info gong from the Occipital Lobe to being processed by Parietal Lobe

responsible for ‘vision for action’

WHERE (how)

50
Q

where in the brain are the Frotnal Pareital Occipital and Temporal Lobes

A

frontal - front of brain

Parietal - top middle

Temporal - bottom middle

Occipital - back of brain

51
Q

how does Percpetion facilitate Action?
- hint - 2 ways

A

Initially perception informs us what to act on and how to act on it

during our performance of actions, perception provides feedback on progress and success, making adjustments if need be

52
Q

how does Action facilitate Perception?

A

moving to get a different POV of an object, aiding in Percpetion

53
Q

We take in sensory info from our environment - parts can be identified and put together, and then recognition occurs -

We also rely on past experience and knowledge to inform our perceptions -

which is top down which is bottom up

A

We take in sensory info from our environment - parts can be identified and put together, and then recognition occurs - Bottom Up - processing

We also rely on past experience and knowledge to inform our perceptions - uses both top down and bottom up processes

54
Q

how is cogntion involved in the Percpetion Action Cogntion cycle

A

We can also inform our cognitions, our actions adjust for what’s really in the environment - not what we perceive
we learn in part by physically interacting with the world around us and perceive the results -
this informs our cognition,

This kind of weird cycle continues. When feedback is informative and immediate we update our schemes to incorporate new info.

So our cognition is influenced by both perception and action

55
Q

defintion of Affordances

A

when we see an object

we think of any possible action an indiviudal can do with that object

MUG - grasp it, lift it, sip it, clean it

Those actions are Afforded by this object

Objects contain visual features (we see) also properties we can’t see like how to interact, so our perceptual system is not based only on what the physical object is, based on what we see and what we can do with it

56
Q

affordance test - on computer screen we see

  • a +
  • then blank screen
  • image of object (beer mug)
  • hand signal

what if the effect of this study

what makes us react slower or faster to these trials

A

the picture of how we are supposed to respond influences us wehther it is Congruent or Incongruent (proper way to interact or not)

incongrunet - grabbing frying pan like we would a mug

we are faster if hand signal is Congruent, and slower if it is InCongruent

57
Q

the ventral path involves the ___ lobe

the dorsal path involves the ____ lobe

A

the ventral path involves the Temporal lobe

the dorsal path involves the Parietal lobe

58
Q

what is the inverse projection problem

A

image is on the retine - and our percpetual system determines what object out there created the image

59
Q

people’s ability to recognize an object even wen seen from diff viewpoints is called

A

Viewpoint Invariance

60
Q

ability to tell when one word ends and the other begins is

A

Speech Segmentation

61
Q

we learn _______ likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word -

A

Transitional Probabilities

62
Q

process of learning about transitional probabilities and about other characteristics of language is called

A

Statistical Learning

63
Q

hemholtzs realized that the image on the retina is ambiguous - what does this mean

A

a particular pattern of stimulation on the retina can be caused by a large number of objects in the environment

64
Q

illusioin of movement created by a stroboscope is called

A

Apparent Movement

65
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps the food

called mirror neurons because the neuron’s response to watching the experimenter grasp an object is similar to the response that would occur if the monkey were performing the same action.

66
Q

what is the Size Weight Illusion

A

When a person is presented with two similar objects, such as two cubes, that are the same weight but different sizes, the larger one seems lighter when they are lifted together. One explanation for this is that we predict that larger objects will be heavier than smaller objects, because objects of the same type typically get heavier as they get larger

ch3 251 (21 decks)

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