attention

Question 1

exogenous vs endogenous

which is bottom up vs top down

Answer 1

exo - bottom up - salient stimuli capture our attention automatically

endo - tend to stimuli based on thoughts and goals, top down way,

Question 2

over vs covert attention

Answer 2

overt - physical attention

covert - mental attention without physical movement

Question 3

transcend vs sustained attention

Answer 3

transcend - momentarily attending to something, but you’re jumping aground your VF attention shifting rapidly

Sustained - focus on one thing for extended period of time

Question 4

selective vs divided attention

Answer 4

selective - so intently focused only on your novel that someone walks up to you and you don’t even notice

divided - driving car and texting at same time

more a continuum than dichotomy

Question 5

cocktail party effect

Answer 5

we only hear what the person we are talking to is saying, unless a key word from a diff convo captures our attentin

it raises questions about to what extent is unattended info processed even though we are not attending to it?

Question 6

what is dichotic listening

what could people recognize about the other sound

Answer 6

use headphones so you can play one message or sound in one ear and smth diff in the other ear. had to repeat word for word a poem they heard while galloping horse sound played in their other ear

knew if it has girl or boy, didn’t;t know what it said

Question 7

BroadBens filter theory of attention

Answer 7

All or None Theory

attentional filter is early in processing
occurs before stim are processed for meaning

Question 8

Moray’s dichotic listening shadow experiment shows ?

Answer 8

in unattend ear
people noticed when speaker switched genders
people noticed a tone that changed freq’s partway through
a word repeated over and over - ppl still couldn’t understand what the wrod was

people could tell if the message said **their name ** goes against BroadBen’s Theory

Question 9

what effect does attention have on ind neurons perception response to stimuli - early perceptual V4 neuron

moran & desimone 1985

Answer 9

attention on stimuli boosts the firing rate at the level of ind perceptual neutrons like this one in V4

Question 10

what attentional affect with visual attention and v4 neurons using a spotlight analogy

Answer 10

high contrast lines are easy to see, low contrast liens are harder to see, here they plot response of neuron when the line isn’t there, is faint, is brighter, and brightest.

when stimuli gets higher contrast, neuron responds stronger.

if the stimuli is high contrast - neurone fires a lot whether or not you attend to the stimuli

when stimuli is there but giant - attention pays a big difference in how much we perceive it - help us notice something we may have not seen otherwise

Question 11

what did we learn in the face-place-face-place-face experiment

Answer 11

manipulate what they are told to focus on from trial to trial,

when asked to focus on faces - the fusiform face area had more activity then when asked to focus on places

Question 12

what was the bosman study about

Answer 12

synchronization

Question 13

how did bosman’s study work to show synchronization in the brain

Answer 13

Attending to either blue or yellow stim -

recording from 2 diff location in V1 labeled A and B, and 1 location in V4 labelled C

because receptive fields in V4 , we’ve got neurons in 2 diff areas in V1, 1 set that responds to 1 of the stim, and one set that responds to the other stimuli
the location in V4 respond to both stim because of the larger receptive field.

1 of the stim is causing activation in the first V1 area and in V4, and the other stimulus is causing activation in the 2nd V1 area and the same V4 area

say stim 1 is activated in A of V1, and C of V4, if you aren’t attending to stim - they are both firing - but not in synchrony

when you attend to the stim - the activity in these 2 brain areas fire in synchrony

Question 14

what is the neural binding problem

what is a hypothesis for the mechanism behind this

Answer 14

how does it know that the same object is represented in multiple brain areas so it must be connected

Synchrony is the mechanism is a hypothesis

Question 15

what is unilateral/hemispatial neglect

what side is more commonly damaged

Answer 15

defects in ability to attend to stimuli on one side of space. most commonly right side is **damaged **- causing their left side to be neglected

Question 16

what region is most implicated in hemispatial neglect

Answer 16

parietal lobe back towards the temporal parietal junction area

Question 17

most common cause of unilateral neglect

Answer 17

stroke

Question 18

2 kinds of unilateral neglect

Answer 18

spatially defined - right vs left side of a page - location based attention

object based - ignore every left side of an object - not visual field

Question 19

is hemispatial neglect top down or bottom up

Answer 19

fail in top down way, endogenous attention

if there is a loud sound or blithe life they can see it - some use wrist bands that tap them on side they neglect

Question 20

what parts of brain control attention - where does it come from - there is a network - list some parts

Answer 20

frontal areas like frontal eye fields
intraparietal sulcus in Parietal lobe
**Anterioir Cingulate Cortex **
and Insula

Question 21

what is the role of frontal eye fields

Answer 21

control where our eyes look - motor control area for the eyes

Question 22

explain what happened when they stimulated Frontal eye fields with electrode while recording visual area with diff electrode

Answer 22

they carefully aligned the particular location they were stimulating in FEF and location they recorded in V4 - such that when they stimulated V4 location (if strongly enough) it would cause the eyes to move to a matching location

Question 23

what is change blindness

Answer 23

Change blindness is when something in your environment changes and you fail to notice it because you were attending to something else

Question 24

what is the flicker paradigm

overt or covert

endogenous or exo

sustained or transient

Answer 24

Presented on the screen an image, followed by a visual mask - grey screen - then shown a 2nd version of the image and another grey screen then back to the 1st version etc - alternation between 2 images with a slight gap in between

Participants must detect what is diff between the first and left version of the image/

endogenous and **covert **and sustained

Question 25

what do we know about the unattended message in dichotic listening in Moray's study

Answer 25

could say if it was a man or women couldn't tell what it was saying when it repaeted a word could notice a change in tone frequency knew if it said their name

Question 26

we question when in processing of stimuli does attention happen - what are the four steps on the map from hearing to finally processed

Answer 26

Sensory Input Low-Level Perceptual Analysis High-Level Semantic Analysis Decision Making, Storage, Memory Motor Response

Question 27

when during the map of hearing to the motor response of perception does Broadman believe attention occurs broadmans all or none filtering model

Answer 27

after low level perceptual analysis before high level semantic analysis

Question 28

what happ in Grey and Weddeburn's study of dichotic listening

Answer 28

told to shadow left ear L: 'dear 7 jane' R: '9 aunt 6' person said ' dear aunt jane' - showing that the meaning of unattended words was being taken into account

Question 29

What did Treismann's Attenuation theory say about attention when did he say it had an effect during the map hierarchy

Answer 29

both attended and unattended messages come through semantic filter, normally we don't notice the unattended inof unless it is Salient or Relevant - your name, fits better into sentence, etc he said attentional seelction occured after low level perceptual analysis and before high level semantic analysis

Question 30

what happened in mckay's study of dichotic listening

Answer 30

in the attended ear they heard 'they were throwing stones at the bank' unattended ear - 'river, money ' related words participants asked what two sentences were closeset to the meaning of the one they head -'they threw stones at side of the river' or -'they threw stones at the savings and loan association' they chose the latter one, unaware of the biased words that had led them to choose it

Question 31

when in the map of hierarchy did Mckay's Theory of Late Selection occur

Answer 31

unlike broadman and treisman, he said it was **after high level semantic analysis** before decision making, mem, storage

Question 32

how do we reconcile the different answers of when attentional occurs in perception of - broadman, tries, and mckay

Answer 32

**Strategic Control of Attention** theory early vs late selection can be chosen based on situation and approach attention is applied by top down modulation

Question 33

explain the endogenous version of Posner task

Answer 33

2 sides, arrow pops up in the middle of the screen, pointing to one side or the other

Question 34

is the endo version of posner internal or external covert or overt trans or sustained selective or divided

Answer 34

External - not in mind's eye Covert - only shifting eyes on the screen Transient - because you look at center and then look away Selective - but this is a grey area

Question 35

result of endo posner task basis behind this result

Answer 35

compared to neutral cues, the arrow pointing in the right direction made people respond faster because if you covertly shift your attention to open side, when cue appears you are already attending to that area

Question 36

the exo version of the posner task results what is the theory that explains the results called

Answer 36

clue flashes on one side instead of an arrow in the middle results depend on the delay between the cue and the target - when it is a short delay it helps us if its valid and hurts our time when it's wrong **Inhibition of Return ** if it is long, it makes us slower - because we deem the side as not worth attending to - like leaves rustling in the wind example brain marks the square as not worth attending

Question 37

what is the spatial version of the Posner task and what does it show

Answer 37

2 rectangles on 2 sides cue will appear on one section of the rectangle if attention is purely spatial, if the location matches up or not it shouldn't matter if attention has an object based component to it - maybe it does matter shows that **it does make a difference** - faster when cue and target are on the same point of object

Question 38

with our map of hierarhcy in attention and stages of processing - what brain areas does each stage correlate to sound for this example

Answer 38

**Sensory **- Ears **Low Level Perceptual **- Brainstem and Thalamus **High level Semantic **- Primary Auditory Cortex 2nd and 4rd Cortexes **Decision Making and Mem Storage** - Mutli-Modal Association Cortex

Question 39

ERP means

Answer 39

event related potentials

Question 40

ERP is Based on EEG which is

Answer 40

**ElectroEncePhaloGraphy ** where we place electrodes on scalp and **record Electric Fields** caused by **amount of PostSynaptic Potentials** in the **Cortex**

Question 41

why do we find lots of parralel dendrites in the Cortex

Answer 41

becuase there are many **Cortical Pyramidal cells ** which have **dendrites that stick straight up** from them **towards the surface of the brain **

Question 42

why does ERP/EEG have such good Temporal Resolution

Answer 42

lots of **tiny psps add up **to a **large electromagnetic field** we can measure beucase they are generated from PSP's they are an **instant picture of hte input these neurons are getting**

Question 43

why does eeg.erp have shitty spatial resolution

Answer 43

because these electric fields propagate in a way that **no matter where in the brain the activity **is it is **going to contribute somewhat to the recording **at this electrode, so its hard to say exactly where the activity is in the brain

Question 44

eeg have up to ? electrodes on a scalp

Answer 44

256 labeled by letters and numbers

Question 45

we focused on using erp's to see eeg response to a particular event how did we isolate the reaction from other unrelated brain activity

Answer 45

do a few trials where a stim occurs at a certain time **with repetition we can see a repeating pattern that represents the brain's reaction to the stim **

Question 46

Event Related Potentials are the

Answer 46

average of the recorded EEG Signals 'time locked' plotted w negative on the top

Question 47

what is the 'surface distribution of Erp waveform through time'

Answer 47

map of peaks and drops across scalp's surface, shown in sequence like the frames of a movie gives us a sense of where in the brain activty is occuring at what time

Question 48

looking at an ERP response, what are the peaks and drops in the first 10 ms

Answer 48

Brain Stem Evoked Responses earliest signals in the brain

Question 49

what ms are midlatency responses in ERP's what to they represent

Answer 49

20-50 ms Primary Auditory Cortex

Question 50

what time do we see late waves in ERP's what brain areas do they represent why do we get a larger response in ERP's as more time passes

Answer 50

100-300 ms secondary and tertiary auditory cortex more and more neurons are getting involved in the response as time goes on

Question 51

explain the gist of the oddball experiment

Answer 51

meausring ERP's in response to oddball tones, attended to or unattended one attended ear - have to press a button everytime an oddball tone happens unattended ear - different pattern of oddball tones, don't press the button

Question 52

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show **during the first 15 ms** what does this suggest in terms of processing?

Answer 52

during the first 15 ms the two lines look the same suggests that attention isn't having an effect early in processing when the **Brain Stem **is implemented no effect of attentinon on **Brainstem Evoked Potentials**

Question 53

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show during the first 20-50 ms what does this suggest in terms of processing?

Answer 53

Start to see differences in the two tones, hard to see so we use a 'difference wave' (DW = 0, waves are the same)

Question 54

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show during the first 100-400ms what does this suggest in terms of processing?

Answer 54

lines are diverging quite a bit, suggests **attention has a Big effect **on the **Later stages of processing**

Question 55

what do we discover when we look at the different peaks for the Attened vs UnAttended ear in the oddball study the eeg peaks of the oddball tone are called?

Answer 55

Peaks are **Mismatched Negativty** - meaning we heard smth diff than what we heard before Unattended ear has these peaks - showign that the **brain is aware of these oddballs in Unatt ear even if we are not consciously aware of them **

Question 56

using what we learned from the oddball paradigm we can see the brainstem and thalamus have ? effect on attenton primary auditoru cortex has ? effect 2nd and 3rd audtiory cortex has ? effect

Answer 56

attention has no effect on brainstem or thalamus attention has an effect a early as primary auditory cortex has larger effects in secondary and tertiary auditory cortexes