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ch3 251 > attention > Flashcards

attention Flashcards

1
Q

exogenous vs endogenous

which is bottom up vs top down

A

exo - bottom up - salient stimuli capture our attention automatically

endo - tend to stimuli based on thoughts and goals, top down way,

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2
Q

over vs covert attention

A

overt - physical attention

covert - mental attention without physical movement

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3
Q

transcend vs sustained attention

A

transcend - momentarily attending to something, but you’re jumping aground your VF attention shifting rapidly

Sustained - focus on one thing for extended period of time

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4
Q

selective vs divided attention

A

selective - so intently focused only on your novel that someone walks up to you and you don’t even notice

divided - driving car and texting at same time

more a continuum than dichotomy

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5
Q

cocktail party effect

A

we only hear what the person we are talking to is saying, unless a key word from a diff convo captures our attentin

it raises questions about to what extent is unattended info processed even though we are not attending to it?

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6
Q

what is dichotic listening

what could people recognize about the other sound

A

use headphones so you can play one message or sound in one ear and smth diff in the other ear. had to repeat word for word a poem they heard while galloping horse sound played in their other ear

knew if it has girl or boy, didn’t;t know what it said

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7
Q

BroadBens filter theory of attention

A

All or None Theory

attentional filter is early in processing
occurs before stim are processed for meaning

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8
Q

Moray’s dichotic listening shadow experiment shows ?

A

in unattend ear
people noticed when speaker switched genders
people noticed a tone that changed freq’s partway through
a word repeated over and over - ppl still couldn’t understand what the wrod was

people could tell if the message said **their name ** goes against BroadBen’s Theory

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9
Q

what effect does attention have on ind neurons perception response to stimuli - early perceptual V4 neuron

moran & desimone 1985

A

attention on stimuli boosts the firing rate at the level of ind perceptual neutrons like this one in V4

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10
Q

what attentional affect with visual attention and v4 neurons using a spotlight analogy

A

high contrast lines are easy to see, low contrast liens are harder to see, here they plot response of neuron when the line isn’t there, is faint, is brighter, and brightest.

when stimuli gets higher contrast, neuron responds stronger.

if the stimuli is high contrast - neurone fires a lot whether or not you attend to the stimuli

when stimuli is there but giant - attention pays a big difference in how much we perceive it - help us notice something we may have not seen otherwise

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11
Q

what did we learn in the face-place-face-place-face experiment

A

manipulate what they are told to focus on from trial to trial,

when asked to focus on faces - the fusiform face area had more activity then when asked to focus on places

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12
Q

what was the bosman study about

A

synchronization

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13
Q

how did bosman’s study work to show synchronization in the brain

A

Attending to either blue or yellow stim -

recording from 2 diff location in V1 labeled A and B, and 1 location in V4 labelled C

because receptive fields in V4 , we’ve got neurons in 2 diff areas in V1, 1 set that responds to 1 of the stim, and one set that responds to the other stimuli
the location in V4 respond to both stim because of the larger receptive field.

1 of the stim is causing activation in the first V1 area and in V4, and the other stimulus is causing activation in the 2nd V1 area and the same V4 area

say stim 1 is activated in A of V1, and C of V4, if you aren’t attending to stim - they are both firing - but not in synchrony

when you attend to the stim - the activity in these 2 brain areas fire in synchrony

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14
Q

what is the neural binding problem

what is a hypothesis for the mechanism behind this

A

how does it know that the same object is represented in multiple brain areas so it must be connected

Synchrony is the mechanism is a hypothesis

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15
Q

what is unilateral/hemispatial neglect

what side is more commonly damaged

A

defects in ability to attend to stimuli on one side of space. most commonly right side is **damaged **- causing their left side to be neglected

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16
Q

what region is most implicated in hemispatial neglect

A

parietal lobe back towards the temporal parietal junction area

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17
Q

most common cause of unilateral neglect

A

stroke

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18
Q

2 kinds of unilateral neglect

A

spatially defined - right vs left side of a page - location based attention

object based - ignore every left side of an object - not visual field

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19
Q

is hemispatial neglect top down or bottom up

A

fail in top down way, endogenous attention

if there is a loud sound or blithe life they can see it - some use wrist bands that tap them on side they neglect

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20
Q

what parts of brain control attention - where does it come from - there is a network - list some parts

A

frontal areas like frontal eye fields
intraparietal sulcus in Parietal lobe
**Anterioir Cingulate Cortex **
and Insula

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21
Q

what is the role of frontal eye fields

A

control where our eyes look - motor control area for the eyes

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22
Q

explain what happened when they stimulated Frontal eye fields with electrode while recording visual area with diff electrode

A

they carefully aligned the particular location they were stimulating in FEF and location they recorded in V4 - such that when they stimulated V4 location (if strongly enough) it would cause the eyes to move to a matching location

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23
Q

what is change blindness

A

Change blindness is when something in your environment changes and you fail to notice it because you were attending to something else

24
Q

what is the flicker paradigm

overt or covert

endogenous or exo

sustained or transient

A

Presented on the screen an image, followed by a visual mask - grey screen - then shown a 2nd version of the image and another grey screen then back to the 1st version etc - alternation between 2 images with a slight gap in between

Participants must detect what is diff between the first and left version of the image/

endogenous and **covert **and sustained

25
Q

what do we know about the unattended message in dichotic listening in Moray’s study

A

could say if it was a man or women

couldn’t tell what it was saying when it repaeted a word

could notice a change in tone frequency

knew if it said their name

26
Q

we question when in processing of stimuli does attention happen

  • what are the four steps on the map from hearing to finally processed
A

Sensory Input

Low-Level Perceptual Analysis

High-Level Semantic Analysis

Decision Making, Storage, Memory

Motor Response

27
Q

when during the map of hearing to the motor response of perception does Broadman believe attention occurs

broadmans all or none filtering model

A

after low level perceptual analysis

before high level semantic analysis

28
Q

what happ in Grey and Weddeburn’s study of dichotic listening

A

told to shadow left ear

L: ‘dear 7 jane’
R: ‘9 aunt 6’

person said ‘ dear aunt jane’ - showing that the meaning of unattended words was being taken into account

29
Q

What did Treismann’s Attenuation theory say about attention

when did he say it had an effect during the map hierarchy

A

both attended and unattended messages come through semantic filter, normally we don’t notice the unattended inof unless it is Salient or Relevant
- your name, fits better into sentence, etc

he said attentional seelction occured after low level perceptual analysis and before high level semantic analysis

30
Q

what happened in mckay’s study of dichotic listening

A

in the attended ear they heard ‘they were throwing stones at the bank’

unattended ear - ‘river, money ‘ related words

participants asked what two sentences were closeset to the meaning of the one they head
-‘they threw stones at side of the river’ or
-‘they threw stones at the savings and loan association’

they chose the latter one, unaware of the biased words that had led them to choose it

31
Q

when in the map of hierarchy did Mckay’s Theory of Late Selection occur

A

unlike broadman and treisman, he said it was

after high level semantic analysis

before decision making, mem, storage

32
Q

how do we reconcile the different answers of when attentional occurs in perception of - broadman, tries, and mckay

A

Strategic Control of Attention theory

early vs late selection can be chosen based on situation and approach

attention is applied by top down modulation

33
Q

explain the endogenous version of Posner task

A

2 sides, arrow pops up in the middle of the screen, pointing to one side or the other

34
Q

is the endo version of posner
internal or external
covert or overt
trans or sustained
selective or divided

A

External - not in mind’s eye
Covert - only shifting eyes on the screen
Transient - because you look at center and then look away
Selective - but this is a grey area

35
Q

result of endo posner task

basis behind this result

A

compared to neutral cues, the arrow pointing in the right direction made people respond faster

because if you covertly shift your attention to open side, when cue appears you are already attending to that area

36
Q

the exo version of the posner task

results

what is the theory that explains the results called

A

clue flashes on one side instead of an arrow in the middle

results depend on the delay between the cue and the target - when it is a short delay it helps us if its valid and hurts our time when it’s wrong

**Inhibition of Return **

if it is long, it makes us slower - because we deem the side as not worth attending to - like leaves rustling in the wind example
brain marks the square as not worth attending

37
Q

what is the spatial version of the Posner task and what does it show

A

2 rectangles on 2 sides
cue will appear on one section of the rectangle

if attention is purely spatial, if the location matches up or not it shouldn’t matter
if attention has an object based component to it - maybe it does matter

shows that it does make a difference - faster when cue and target are on the same point of object

38
Q

with our map of hierarhcy in attention and stages of processing - what brain areas does each stage correlate to

sound for this example

A

**Sensory **- Ears

**Low Level Perceptual **- Brainstem and Thalamus

**High level Semantic **- Primary Auditory Cortex

2nd and 4rd Cortexes

Decision Making and Mem Storage - Mutli-Modal Association Cortex

39
Q

ERP means

A

event related potentials

40
Q

ERP is Based on EEG which is

A

**ElectroEncePhaloGraphy **

where we place electrodes on scalp and record Electric Fields caused by amount of PostSynaptic Potentials in the Cortex

41
Q

why do we find lots of parralel dendrites in the Cortex

A

becuase there are many **Cortical Pyramidal cells ** which have dendrites that stick straight up from them **towards the surface of the brain **

42
Q

why does ERP/EEG have such good Temporal Resolution

A

lots of **tiny psps add up **to a large electromagnetic field we can measure

beucase they are generated from PSP’s they are an instant picture of hte input these neurons are getting

43
Q

why does eeg.erp have shitty spatial resolution

A

because these electric fields propagate in a way that **no matter where in the brain the activity **is it is **going to contribute somewhat to the recording **at this electrode,

so its hard to say exactly where the activity is in the brain

44
Q

eeg have up to ? electrodes on a scalp

A

256

labeled by letters and numbers

45
Q

we focused on using erp’s to see eeg response to a particular event

how did we isolate the reaction from other unrelated brain activity

A

do a few trials where a stim occurs at a certain time

**with repetition we can see a repeating pattern that represents the brain’s reaction to the stim **

46
Q

Event Related Potentials are the

A

average of the recorded EEG Signals
‘time locked’
plotted w negative on the top

47
Q

what is the ‘surface distribution of Erp waveform through time’

A

map of peaks and drops across scalp’s surface, shown in sequence like the frames of a movie

gives us a sense of where in the brain activty is occuring at what time

48
Q

looking at an ERP response, what are the peaks and drops in the first 10 ms

A

Brain Stem Evoked Responses

earliest signals in the brain

49
Q

what ms are midlatency responses in ERP’s

what to they represent

A

20-50 ms

Primary Auditory Cortex

50
Q

what time do we see late waves in ERP’s

what brain areas do they represent

why do we get a larger response in ERP’s as more time passes

A

100-300 ms

secondary and tertiary auditory cortex

more and more neurons are getting involved in the response as time goes on

51
Q

explain the gist of the oddball experiment

A

meausring ERP’s in response to oddball tones, attended to or unattended

one attended ear - have to press a button everytime an oddball tone happens

unattended ear - different pattern of oddball tones, don’t press the button

52
Q

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show during the first 15 ms

what does this suggest in terms of processing?

A

during the first 15 ms the two lines look the same

suggests that attention isn’t having an effect early in processing when the **Brain Stem **is implemented

no effect of attentinon on Brainstem Evoked Potentials

53
Q

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show during the first 20-50 ms

what does this suggest in terms of processing?

A

Start to see differences in the two tones, hard to see so we use a ‘difference wave’ (DW = 0, waves are the same)

54
Q

what do the erp lines of attended vs unattended ears in oddball study show during the first 100-400ms

what does this suggest in terms of processing?

A

lines are diverging quite a bit,

suggests **attention has a Big effect **on the Later stages of processing

55
Q

what do we discover when we look at the different peaks for the Attened vs UnAttended ear in the oddball study

the eeg peaks of the oddball tone are called?

A

Peaks are Mismatched Negativty - meaning we heard smth diff than what we heard before

Unattended ear has these peaks - showign that the **brain is aware of these oddballs in Unatt ear even if we are not consciously aware of them **

56
Q

using what we learned from the oddball paradigm we can see the brainstem and thalamus have ? effect on attenton
primary auditoru cortex has ? effect
2nd and 3rd audtiory cortex has ? effect

A

attention has no effect on brainstem or thalamus

attention has an effect a early as primary auditory cortex

has larger effects in secondary and tertiary auditory cortexes

ch3 251 (21 decks)

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