243 and 351 chapter 1 Flashcards
develoment definition
not just about __
pattern of movement or change starting at conception and continuing throughout ones lifespan
not just about gains, loss too - neuronal pruning
the field of lifepsan development describes and expains the intraindividual and interindiviudal differences - what does that mean?
intraindividual - changes within someone throughout their life
interindividual - developmental differences between people - why do some develop faster etc
field of lifepsan is imortnat as it helps us
know whats typical, so we can help if someone is atypical
do basic research and learn why we develop the wya we do
lifepsan developnet is an InterDisciplinary Disipline - what does that mean
means it involves info from cogntive psych, social psyc, personality psychology, neuro psych, and often beyond psychology (sociology, history, education, political science)
Baltes talks about the different characteristics of lifespan - what are these?
LifeLong - conception to death
MultiDimensional - covers bio, cogntive, soical, emotional
Plastic - has capacity for change
MutliDisciplinay - covers biological and social systems, and social strucutres
Contextual - doenst happen in isolation - happens in context of family, school, location, friends,
Growth Maintence and Loss - isn’t just about growth
Co-Construction - of biological, culture, and individuality.
what are Baltes 3 kinds of Contextual Influence on Development
Normative age Graded - puberty, menopause, age based norms
Normative History Graded - things in history like covid, wars, recessions
NonNormative Life Events - personalized unique life events - death of loved one, migration, etc
what are the ecological systems of Bronfenbrenners Ecological systems theory?
Micro - impact child directly - family, friends, teachers
Meso - interaction of micro systems
Exo - institutions like media and healthcare that microsystems operate underneath (education standards of their country)
Macro - cultural values and beliefs that inform the institutions. culture values education so its free in Canada
Chrono - historical context that influences the current culture
what are the 8 periods of development and the ages they apply?
Prenatal - conception to birth
Infancy 0-2,
Early Child - 2-6
Middle and late Child 6-11
Adolescence 11-18
Early Adult - 18-30s
Middle Adult 40-60
Late Adult 60+
what are the 4 different conceptions of Age?
Chronological
Biological
Psycholgical
Social Age
the 3 questions in lifespan development
are there universal stages in development?
what makes ind’s diff from each other
to what extent are these diff’s stable over time
we ask to what extent is ind development Continuous or Discontinous - expand on what this means? which theory does each on represent
Continuous - a gradual accumulaiton of small quantitative changes - continuum theory
DisContinous - involving a series of qualatative transformations - Stages Theory
one is a smooth line, another is a ladder of stages to climb up
we ask if changes are due to nature or nurture - expand on what each of these mean
nature - genes, hereditary info
nurture - expereince gathered from nteraction with phsycial and social world - learned info
the questions of plasticity vs stability tries to infer…
the degree to whcih adn the conditions under which development is open to change and intervention
is there lifelong change or is infant determinsim correct
what is infant determinism
what does it ‘hinge’ on
theory that a child’s first few years of life sets the stage for the rest of thie life. and if something goes wrong there they are screwed
hinges on Critical Periods
diff between critical and sensitive periods
critical periods say that if you do nto develop during a certain time then you are out of luck
senstiive periods say that having the development during them can be more impactful, but that it isn’t impossible to acquire a skill even if its past the period it normally happens in
slide 16 talks about additonal factors to consider in regards to development - what does it list
parenting
education
culture
ethnicity
gender
SES
cross cultural studies that arent foucsed on WEIRD
4 steps of scientific method
coneptualize a process or porblem to study
collect research info
analyze the data
draw conclsuions
based on conclsuions we can reowrk original idea and update our hypotheses
explain freud’s psychoanalytic beleifs regarding symblism and repression
true understanding of development requires analysis of the symboliv meanings of behaviour and dreams
can be symbolic of repressed sexual urges
we repress things into our subconcisou that reveal themselves in dreams and verabl slips
this represson unconscious desires fuels our personality
freud’s topographical model of hte mind has what 3 categories
conscious - reality principle, seeing world accurately
unconscious - pleasure principles, not fully aware of them, holds our deepest desires and motivatiosn of Anger and Sex
preconscious - between the 2 - barely conscious, job is to prevent unconsciosu from being recognzied by our conscoisu awareness. where memories travel through
freud’s strucutral model
id - innermost self, only strucutre present at birth, functions according to pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification. urges for food sex and aggression
ego - has direct contact with reality. develops out of the id, functiosn according to reality and we are aware of it
superego - values and ideals of our society, internalized by the child as they grow, doesnt develop until ages 4-5
freud says babies cant talk because
they don’t have an ego or superego, only id
what do psychosexual stages result from
from the id focusng its energies on specifc areas of the body - erogenous zones
what are the 5 Psychosexual stages
oral 0-1 1/2 years
anal 1 1/2 -3 years
phallic 3-6 years
latency 6 - puberty
genital puberty onwards
what is Fixation
arrested psychosexual development in which energies remain focused on a particular erogenous zone
how did erikson boraden the idea of the psychosexual stages of freud
he focused ont eh psychosocial stages
these have a conflict between a + and - pole, finding the baalnce between the two results in the positive resolution of each crisis and earn a new Ego Strength
psychosical stage of infancy
trust vs mistrust
ES - Hope
if needs are met, infants develop sense of basic trust
psychosical stage of toddlerhood 1-3
Autonomy vs Shame
ES - Will
toddlers learn to exrcise their will and do things for themselves or htey doubt their abilities
psychosical stage of of Early Childhood 3-5
Initiative vs Guilt
ES - Purpose
learn to initiate tasks and carry outplans or feel guilty about their efforts to become independant
psychosical stage of Middle Childhood 6-12
Industry vs Inferiority
ES - Competence
learn to apply themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
psychosical stage of Adolescence 13-20s
Identity vs Role Confusion
ES - Fidelity
work at refining a sense of sel fby testing roles and then choosing one, or becom econfused about who they are
psychosical stage of Young Adult 20s-40s
Intimicay vs Isolation
ES - Love
gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated
psychosical stage of adulthood 40s-60s
Generativty vs Stagnation
ES - Care
discover way to contribute thorugh family or work or feel a lack of purpose
psychosical stage of Old Age
Integrity vs Despair
ES - Wisdom
reflect on life - feel satisfied or like a failure
list ego hopes in order
Hope
Will
Purpose
Competence
Fidelity
Love
Care
Wisdom
list erikson’s stages in order
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame
initiative vs guilt
indsutry vs inferiority
identity vs roel confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integiry vs despair
explain piaget’s cogntive theory
3 philsophers - early studies of hte mind
plato’s rationalism - reality lies in the abstract ideas of objects that exist in our minds - only root to truth is thorugh reason and listening to ourselves
aristotle’s empriicism - reality lies in concrete world of objects our bdoues sense - root to truth is meticulous observations
descartes dualism - i think thereofre i am - reality divided inot brain and mind
what did doners mean when he said mental chronometry
said mental rpocesses happen serially - in order step by step (perception, motor selection etc)
simpel reaction time vs choice reaction time
simple - see lgiht click one button
choice - see iether left or or right light light, click correspodning button
how did donder find the time it takes to make a choice reaction time
average answer of reaction time
subtraction method!
choice reaction time - minus simplce reaction time = how long it takes us to make a decision
1/10 of a second
what is donder’s assumption of serial stages in reaction time
assuming that the selection process was an entirely different step
in reality making that selection is prob overlapping a few ohter processes
we can’t assume that mental process detection, identifiaction, response selection, and response execution happen in serial order - could be parralel - happen at the same time
what is doner’s assumption of pure insertion
that each step of selection process takes the same amount of time
in truth adding extra stages does not change hte lenght of the other stages
we can only infer mentral process responses based on __ and __
behaviours and outputs
we don’t know what is happening in mind
how did ebbinghaus collect his data - qualatative or quantative?
what question was he tryna answer
what did he find
how rapidly do we forget learned information
quantative method - read list of nonsense syllables til they were memorized
took a break
go back and see how long it took to relearn whawt he had forgotten
shorter his break = fewer repetitions he needed to relearn list
ebbinghaus used the savings method to measure forgetting time - how does it work
how many reps did we need to initially memoerize the list
minus
how many times we had to repeat the lsit after a break to relaern it
divide answer by 10 to bring it to 0.2 for example, or 20%
ebbinghaus found the pattern of forgetting over a few days was
forgetting occurs rapidly over the 1st 2 days, and then our memory decays slower after that
willhelm wundt was the first to do what 4 things
First to establish psych lab
First to say psyc is a separate science from Biology and Philosophy
first to call himself a Psychologist
Founder of experimental psychologist
what was wundt’s research - waht apporach was used
Studied Consciousness, goal was to break it down to basic elements
His approach looked at using Structuralism.
Where we view our experiences as being made up of diff elements called Sensations. Combo of sensations create experiences
detected sensations was to using Analytic Introspection - highly practiced form of self examination
we descrined the ocean adn an apple to describe what two concepts? define them?
Asking us to describe those experiences is an example of Introspection
Asking to describe experiences and describe thought processes - that is Structuralism
We take these elements of salty windy cold and we understand that that means Ocean.
what is the signifigance of william James
what was his work based on
wrote first textbook and taught first psyc course at harvard
Based on Introsepction
what woman challenged titchener
didn’t get her phd until years after she did it
studied colour vision w hemholtz and published her take on it too
Christine Ladd Franklin
who did mary calkins study under?
what did they study
what did she create
what was her other big milestone
studying psych under William James shortly after his long textbook in late 1800s
Originally studied dream content
1st female president of APA in 1905 - american psyc association
Created 1st psych lab founded by a woman
1st course on teaching psyc was so popular they had to add more sections
Denied a PHD from harvard
who was the 1st woman to be awarded a doctorate in psych
what was her reserach on
what theory did she develop
Margaret floy Washburn
animal cogntion, and basic physiological processes
developed motor theory of cogntion
Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth?
who did she study with
what was thier reserach on
what neg beleif of women was popular during her time that she challenged
Studied with edward thorndike
Did most research on intelligence, focused work on gifted children
at time where people thought woman were less smarter and invalid during menstruation - she chalelnged these assuptions and proved herself
what african american psychologist did he tak about and what did he do significantly
what was his 1st black acheivement
waht did he study
what did he prove
Charles Henry Turner
1st black scientist published in Journal Science
cogntive perspective studying animal behaviour
detail sin cosntructions (spider webs) reflected intelligence not instinct
prove insects can hear
high school teacher
what were people’s issues with introspection
what emerged from its downfall
who was one of the people who disliked introspection
Your experience of ocean is diff than everyone else, hard to verify results because of this - so what emerged from this was Behaviourism
watson
why do we talk about the mind as a black box in behaviours
Eliminated mind as a topic of study, instead says we can only focus on observable behavior
Mind became a Black Box
Stimuli goes in and behaviour comes out - we don’t look at what happens in between
list 3 famous Behaviourism reserachers and breifly their reserach
Watson - little albert - conditioned child to be afraid of white fuzzy things
Pavlov - dog and bell experient
Skinner - Operant Cond, - shaped by rewards and punishments
who is founder of cogntive psych
but who founded cognitive revolution
Nesser - textbook first in 1967
george miller - first studied mental capacity and info processing
when talkng about the push against behavioursim why do we mention Tolman and Chomsky - what did they argue
Tolman - rats developing cognitive maps, memorized physical map
Chomsky - kids born with innate ability to learn langauge
cog revolution was not just push against behavioursim - also arrival of computers
what 4 things came with the digital computer
- theory of Compuation
- Information Theory
- Computer Science
- AI
explain the 2 ttypes of AI
generative - excelts in creating content based on patterns
Cogntie - goes a step further - analyze vast amounts of data, predict things, capable of learning
behavioral methods of gathering data - there are four - some are barely used and some used often
natural observation - very little
case studies - soemtimes
correaltinal studies - sometimes
self reports - sometimes
controlled lab experiments - majority
what do controlled lab experiemnts often look at
weakness
Look at reaction time, accuracy, eye movements. Lab data is good because we can control every step with it
- can be hard to see application in the real world, hard to generalize lab data to populations, especially if its from a unique set of people
list differnent equipment used in lab experiments
computers
response pads
voice keys
eye trackers
types of computational models
mathematical
symbolic
connectionist
reinforcemnet laerning
biological
dynamical systems
bayesian
