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ch3 251 > 243 and 351 chapter 1 > Flashcards

243 and 351 chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

develoment definition

not just about __

A

pattern of movement or change starting at conception and continuing throughout ones lifespan

not just about gains, loss too - neuronal pruning

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2
Q

the field of lifepsan development describes and expains the intraindividual and interindiviudal differences - what does that mean?

A

intraindividual - changes within someone throughout their life

interindividual - developmental differences between people - why do some develop faster etc

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3
Q

field of lifepsan is imortnat as it helps us

A

know whats typical, so we can help if someone is atypical
do basic research and learn why we develop the wya we do

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4
Q

lifepsan developnet is an InterDisciplinary Disipline - what does that mean

A

means it involves info from cogntive psych, social psyc, personality psychology, neuro psych, and often beyond psychology (sociology, history, education, political science)

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5
Q

Baltes talks about the different characteristics of lifespan - what are these?

A

LifeLong - conception to death
MultiDimensional - covers bio, cogntive, soical, emotional
Plastic - has capacity for change
MutliDisciplinay - covers biological and social systems, and social strucutres
Contextual - doenst happen in isolation - happens in context of family, school, location, friends,
Growth Maintence and Loss - isn’t just about growth
Co-Construction - of biological, culture, and individuality.

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6
Q

what are Baltes 3 kinds of Contextual Influence on Development

A

Normative age Graded - puberty, menopause, age based norms

Normative History Graded - things in history like covid, wars, recessions

NonNormative Life Events - personalized unique life events - death of loved one, migration, etc

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7
Q

what are the ecological systems of Bronfenbrenners Ecological systems theory?

A

Micro - impact child directly - family, friends, teachers
Meso - interaction of micro systems
Exo - institutions like media and healthcare that microsystems operate underneath (education standards of their country)
Macro - cultural values and beliefs that inform the institutions. culture values education so its free in Canada
Chrono - historical context that influences the current culture

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8
Q

what are the 8 periods of development and the ages they apply?

A

Prenatal - conception to birth
Infancy 0-2,
Early Child - 2-6
Middle and late Child 6-11
Adolescence 11-18
Early Adult - 18-30s
Middle Adult 40-60
Late Adult 60+

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9
Q

what are the 4 different conceptions of Age?

A

Chronological
Biological
Psycholgical
Social Age

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10
Q

the 3 questions in lifespan development

A

are there universal stages in development?
what makes ind’s diff from each other
to what extent are these diff’s stable over time

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11
Q

we ask to what extent is ind development Continuous or Discontinous - expand on what this means? which theory does each on represent

A

Continuous - a gradual accumulaiton of small quantitative changes - continuum theory

DisContinous - involving a series of qualatative transformations - Stages Theory

one is a smooth line, another is a ladder of stages to climb up

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12
Q

we ask if changes are due to nature or nurture - expand on what each of these mean

A

nature - genes, hereditary info

nurture - expereince gathered from nteraction with phsycial and social world - learned info

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13
Q

the questions of plasticity vs stability tries to infer…

A

the degree to whcih adn the conditions under which development is open to change and intervention

is there lifelong change or is infant determinsim correct

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14
Q

what is infant determinism

what does it ‘hinge’ on

A

theory that a child’s first few years of life sets the stage for the rest of thie life. and if something goes wrong there they are screwed

hinges on Critical Periods

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15
Q

diff between critical and sensitive periods

A

critical periods say that if you do nto develop during a certain time then you are out of luck

senstiive periods say that having the development during them can be more impactful, but that it isn’t impossible to acquire a skill even if its past the period it normally happens in

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16
Q

slide 16 talks about additonal factors to consider in regards to development - what does it list

A

parenting
education
culture
ethnicity
gender
SES
cross cultural studies that arent foucsed on WEIRD

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17
Q

4 steps of scientific method

A

coneptualize a process or porblem to study
collect research info
analyze the data
draw conclsuions

based on conclsuions we can reowrk original idea and update our hypotheses

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18
Q

explain freud’s psychoanalytic beleifs regarding symblism and repression

A

true understanding of development requires analysis of the symboliv meanings of behaviour and dreams

can be symbolic of repressed sexual urges
we repress things into our subconcisou that reveal themselves in dreams and verabl slips
this represson unconscious desires fuels our personality

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19
Q

freud’s topographical model of hte mind has what 3 categories

A

conscious - reality principle, seeing world accurately

unconscious - pleasure principles, not fully aware of them, holds our deepest desires and motivatiosn of Anger and Sex

preconscious - between the 2 - barely conscious, job is to prevent unconsciosu from being recognzied by our conscoisu awareness. where memories travel through

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20
Q

freud’s strucutral model

A

id - innermost self, only strucutre present at birth, functions according to pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification. urges for food sex and aggression

ego - has direct contact with reality. develops out of the id, functiosn according to reality and we are aware of it

superego - values and ideals of our society, internalized by the child as they grow, doesnt develop until ages 4-5

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21
Q

freud says babies cant talk because

A

they don’t have an ego or superego, only id

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22
Q

what do psychosexual stages result from

A

from the id focusng its energies on specifc areas of the body - erogenous zones

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23
Q

what are the 5 Psychosexual stages

A

oral 0-1 1/2 years

anal 1 1/2 -3 years

phallic 3-6 years

latency 6 - puberty

genital puberty onwards

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24
Q

what is Fixation

A

arrested psychosexual development in which energies remain focused on a particular erogenous zone

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25
Q

how did erikson boraden the idea of the psychosexual stages of freud

A

he focused ont eh psychosocial stages
these have a conflict between a + and - pole, finding the baalnce between the two results in the positive resolution of each crisis and earn a new Ego Strength

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26
Q

psychosical stage of infancy

A

trust vs mistrust

ES - Hope

if needs are met, infants develop sense of basic trust

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27
Q

psychosical stage of toddlerhood 1-3

A

Autonomy vs Shame

ES - Will

toddlers learn to exrcise their will and do things for themselves or htey doubt their abilities

28
Q

psychosical stage of of Early Childhood 3-5

A

Initiative vs Guilt

ES - Purpose

learn to initiate tasks and carry outplans or feel guilty about their efforts to become independant

29
Q

psychosical stage of Middle Childhood 6-12

A

Industry vs Inferiority

ES - Competence

learn to apply themselves to tasks or they feel inferior

30
Q

psychosical stage of Adolescence 13-20s

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

ES - Fidelity

work at refining a sense of sel fby testing roles and then choosing one, or becom econfused about who they are

31
Q

psychosical stage of Young Adult 20s-40s

A

Intimicay vs Isolation

ES - Love

gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated

32
Q

psychosical stage of adulthood 40s-60s

A

Generativty vs Stagnation
ES - Care

discover way to contribute thorugh family or work or feel a lack of purpose

33
Q

psychosical stage of Old Age

A

Integrity vs Despair

ES - Wisdom

reflect on life - feel satisfied or like a failure

34
Q

list ego hopes in order

A

Hope

Will

Purpose

Competence

Fidelity

Love

Care

Wisdom

35
Q

list erikson’s stages in order

A

trust vs mistrust

autonomy vs shame

initiative vs guilt

indsutry vs inferiority

identity vs roel confusion

intimacy vs isolation

generativity vs stagnation

integiry vs despair

36
Q

explain piaget’s cogntive theory

A
37
Q

3 philsophers - early studies of hte mind

A

plato’s rationalism - reality lies in the abstract ideas of objects that exist in our minds - only root to truth is thorugh reason and listening to ourselves

aristotle’s empriicism - reality lies in concrete world of objects our bdoues sense - root to truth is meticulous observations

descartes dualism - i think thereofre i am - reality divided inot brain and mind

38
Q

what did doners mean when he said mental chronometry

A

said mental rpocesses happen serially - in order step by step (perception, motor selection etc)

39
Q

simpel reaction time vs choice reaction time

A

simple - see lgiht click one button

choice - see iether left or or right light light, click correspodning button

40
Q

how did donder find the time it takes to make a choice reaction time

average answer of reaction time

A

subtraction method!
choice reaction time - minus simplce reaction time = how long it takes us to make a decision

1/10 of a second

41
Q

what is donder’s assumption of serial stages in reaction time

A

assuming that the selection process was an entirely different step

in reality making that selection is prob overlapping a few ohter processes

we can’t assume that mental process detection, identifiaction, response selection, and response execution happen in serial order - could be parralel - happen at the same time

42
Q

what is doner’s assumption of pure insertion

A

that each step of selection process takes the same amount of time

in truth adding extra stages does not change hte lenght of the other stages

43
Q

we can only infer mentral process responses based on __ and __

A

behaviours and outputs

we don’t know what is happening in mind

44
Q

how did ebbinghaus collect his data - qualatative or quantative?

what question was he tryna answer

what did he find

A

how rapidly do we forget learned information

quantative method - read list of nonsense syllables til they were memorized
took a break
go back and see how long it took to relearn whawt he had forgotten

shorter his break = fewer repetitions he needed to relearn list

45
Q

ebbinghaus used the savings method to measure forgetting time - how does it work

A

how many reps did we need to initially memoerize the list

minus

how many times we had to repeat the lsit after a break to relaern it

divide answer by 10 to bring it to 0.2 for example, or 20%

46
Q

ebbinghaus found the pattern of forgetting over a few days was

A

forgetting occurs rapidly over the 1st 2 days, and then our memory decays slower after that

47
Q

willhelm wundt was the first to do what 4 things

A

First to establish psych lab

First to say psyc is a separate science from Biology and Philosophy

first to call himself a Psychologist

Founder of experimental psychologist

48
Q

what was wundt’s research - waht apporach was used

A

Studied Consciousness, goal was to break it down to basic elements

His approach looked at using Structuralism.

Where we view our experiences as being made up of diff elements called Sensations. Combo of sensations create experiences

detected sensations was to using Analytic Introspection - highly practiced form of self examination

49
Q

we descrined the ocean adn an apple to describe what two concepts? define them?

A

Asking us to describe those experiences is an example of Introspection

Asking to describe experiences and describe thought processes - that is Structuralism

We take these elements of salty windy cold and we understand that that means Ocean.

50
Q

what is the signifigance of william James

what was his work based on

A

wrote first textbook and taught first psyc course at harvard

Based on Introsepction

51
Q

what woman challenged titchener
didn’t get her phd until years after she did it
studied colour vision w hemholtz and published her take on it too

A

Christine Ladd Franklin

52
Q

who did mary calkins study under?
what did they study
what did she create
what was her other big milestone

A

studying psych under William James shortly after his long textbook in late 1800s

Originally studied dream content

1st female president of APA in 1905 - american psyc association

Created 1st psych lab founded by a woman

1st course on teaching psyc was so popular they had to add more sections

Denied a PHD from harvard

53
Q

who was the 1st woman to be awarded a doctorate in psych

what was her reserach on

what theory did she develop

A

Margaret floy Washburn

animal cogntion, and basic physiological processes

developed motor theory of cogntion

54
Q

Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth?

who did she study with

what was thier reserach on

what neg beleif of women was popular during her time that she challenged

A

Studied with edward thorndike

Did most research on intelligence, focused work on gifted children

at time where people thought woman were less smarter and invalid during menstruation - she chalelnged these assuptions and proved herself

55
Q

what african american psychologist did he tak about and what did he do significantly

what was his 1st black acheivement

waht did he study

what did he prove

A

Charles Henry Turner

1st black scientist published in Journal Science

cogntive perspective studying animal behaviour
detail sin cosntructions (spider webs) reflected intelligence not instinct

prove insects can hear

high school teacher

56
Q

what were people’s issues with introspection

what emerged from its downfall

who was one of the people who disliked introspection

A

Your experience of ocean is diff than everyone else, hard to verify results because of this - so what emerged from this was Behaviourism

watson

57
Q

why do we talk about the mind as a black box in behaviours

A

Eliminated mind as a topic of study, instead says we can only focus on observable behavior
Mind became a Black Box
Stimuli goes in and behaviour comes out - we don’t look at what happens in between

58
Q

list 3 famous Behaviourism reserachers and breifly their reserach

A

Watson - little albert - conditioned child to be afraid of white fuzzy things

Pavlov - dog and bell experient

Skinner - Operant Cond, - shaped by rewards and punishments

59
Q

who is founder of cogntive psych

but who founded cognitive revolution

A

Nesser - textbook first in 1967

george miller - first studied mental capacity and info processing

60
Q

when talkng about the push against behavioursim why do we mention Tolman and Chomsky - what did they argue

A

Tolman - rats developing cognitive maps, memorized physical map

Chomsky - kids born with innate ability to learn langauge

61
Q

cog revolution was not just push against behavioursim - also arrival of computers

what 4 things came with the digital computer

A
  • theory of Compuation
  • Information Theory
  • Computer Science
  • AI
62
Q

explain the 2 ttypes of AI

A

generative - excelts in creating content based on patterns

Cogntie - goes a step further - analyze vast amounts of data, predict things, capable of learning

63
Q

behavioral methods of gathering data - there are four - some are barely used and some used often

A

natural observation - very little

case studies - soemtimes

correaltinal studies - sometimes

self reports - sometimes

controlled lab experiments - majority

64
Q

what do controlled lab experiemnts often look at

weakness

A

Look at reaction time, accuracy, eye movements. Lab data is good because we can control every step with it

  • can be hard to see application in the real world, hard to generalize lab data to populations, especially if its from a unique set of people
65
Q

list differnent equipment used in lab experiments

A

computers

response pads

voice keys

eye trackers

66
Q

types of computational models

A

mathematical
symbolic
connectionist
reinforcemnet laerning
biological
dynamical systems
bayesian

ch3 251 (21 decks)

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