imagery ch 10 351 Flashcards
the main question of this chapter asks
What’s the difference between thinking and creating a mental image in our head?
And how does that compare to when we actually see objects in our environment
difference between Mental Imagery and Visual Imagery
mental imagery - includes sensations other than visual -
visual imagery - only ‘seeing’ in absense of a visual stimulus
Kosslyn’s thoery on Imagery and Percpetion is
mental imagery is Spatial
when we imagine a photo it takes us longer to move from one part of the photo to another
boat example
Lea’s theory sought to explain why it takes us longer to move around the boat due to?
Distractions
what was Plyshyn’s thoery about Imagery
Spatial Representation is an Epiphenomenon. Itc ccompanies real mechanism but is not actually a part of it, only a byproduct
Plyshyn’s theory says Imagery is Propositional - when we make mental images we represent it using abstract symbols, and language
how would ply describe cat under the table
how would kosslyn describe cat under table
Plyshyn: we don’t actually see the cat, we use symbols like langauge to represent this mental image
Koss: we spatially picture the cat under table in our mind’s eye - mental imagery is pictures and images
what was Plyshsyn’s Tacit Knowledge Explation of Kosslyn’s theory
koss’s results can be explained by using our real world knowledge unconcsiously
eg - we know it takes longer to get from port mcneil to CR than from nan to vic
what was Finke and Pinker’s study on
had ppl look at arrays of dots
dots dissapear, then arrow apperas and asks if there was a dot where this arrow points
people had longer reaction times when they perceived a longer distance between arrow and dot
because they had to mentally travel longer distance between arrow and dot when it was further away
why was it easier to describe whiskers on a rabbit when it was compared to a mouse, and harder when it was compared to an elephant
becuase the rabbit is much bigger when put beside the mouse, so we add more detail to the mental image of the rabbit
what did Perky’s Banana experiemnt show
people’s descriptions matched the project image of the banada even tho they were not aware of the projected banana
what was Martha Farah’s study
Asked participants to imagine a letter: H
Then they were flashed very briefly 1 of 2 conditions
Blank screen and then the target, or
Flashed target and then a blank screen
Task was to decide was the flashed letter (your target) in the first square or 2nd square?
Results showed that accuracy was higher in identifying the target letter when it matched the letter participants had imagined, compared to when they had imagined a different letter.
Martha Farah’s experiemnt was the first bit of evidence for
an overlap in imagery and percpetion
Kreiman did invasive single cel recordng in pateints who were already unergoing brain surgery to help their Epilepsy
what did results show
the same neurons would fire if people saw a ball and when they imagined a ball in mind’s eye
more proof of overlap between perceptin and mental imagery
in kreiman’s study - the nuerons associated with imagery were in the : of the brain
in the Medial Temporal Lobe this is where the amygdala and hippocampus are
what was Ganis’s study
what brain area is crucial to his results
2 conditons - Percption and Imagery
perceptin cond - people studied this tree
imagery cond - people asked to imagine the tree they had just seen
found that percpetion and imagery activatedsame area of brain in the Frontal Lobe
what do the brain scans from’s Ganis Tree study show
perfect overlap in _ region
nearly perf overal in _ region
conclusion found there is more activation in the _ cond, than the _ cond, where the _ lobe is
perfect overlap in Frontal Region
nearly perf overlap in Mid Region
diff patterns of activation in the visual cortex
This tells us in this study there was a lot more activation in the Perception condition than the Imagery condition - where the Occipital Lobe is.
how did Koss finally get causal evidence
applied TMS to people’s viusal cortex during Percpetion and Imagery tasks
He showed people photos like this - boxed of lines, they were supposed to judge are certain lines (box 3)longer than box 2
When the VISUAL CORTEX was disrupted by the TMS pulse, imagery and perception tasks slowed down
- they were unable to respond when tms pulse was on the visual cortex
- so we know visual cortex activity play causal role in Perception and Imagery
what did patient MGS have removed for their eplisepsy treatmnet
MGS had part of their Occipital Lobe
ass - OMG
martha Farah had MGS compelte mental walk task - walk to animal til they fill your mind’s eye
MGS got in - feet
after on thier surgery on what? they got - feet
gave us more info that:
MGS did this ans reported htey could get within 15 feeet before horse filled their visual field
after surgery on thier Right Occipital Lobe was removed
pateitn said they could now get within 35 feet before horse filled their mental image
gave us more info that our Visual Cortex is important to mental images
damage to the Parietal lobe on 1 side of the body
results in _____
name of this conditon
perception on the OTHER side of body is effect
Unilateral Neglect
reseraches wanted to see in UniLateral neglect effets imagery as well - what study
this study gave more evidence that
piazza del dumo
when asked to visual the square - person with unilateral neglect - only described imagery from one side
More evidence that perception and imagery are Linked
what happens in your brain when you imagine an object
4 technical methods of study used to research this are:
Single Cell Recording
fMRI
TMS
Lesion Data
Cecilia Guariglia
what did her brain damaged patient show?
they had unilateral neglect for ___ but not for ____
that their perceptions were intact
but their mental images were impaired
they had unilatearl negelct only for iamgery only
ass - imagine temporal cecilia
patient RM
they had damage to the __ and ___
results of this were
they had damage to the Left Occipital and Parietal Lobes
able to draw pictures of objects in front of them - copy them well
Unable to draw the same objects from memory
Patient CK had _ impaired but _ was intact
his condition was
CK had percpetion impaired but mental imagery intact
he had Visual Agnosia - could not visualize obects, but when shown the obects we could name them
he was able to draw images from memory - but shortly after his drawings - he couldnt say what he had drawn
cisual kagnosia
how do pateint CK and RM create a double dissocation
because CK could not recognize objects, Visual Agnosia
tho he could draw objects based on menta limages - (Cisual Agnosia)
while RM had regular perception but couldnt draw anything from memory (Righteous Memory)
perpetion and imagery
which is TU and which is BU
percpetion - bottom up
imagery - top down
the coglab mental rotation was done by _ and _
shepard and melzter
which one is harder to manipulate and why
percpetion or mental image
harder to maniplate a mental image
esier in percpetion as we can just change our POV
in the cog lab mental rotation
what is the IV and DV
IV- object similarity (same or diff)
diff: mirror reversed
rotation angle: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 degres
DV - reaction time in ms
no matter the degree of rotation
some will never maych because they are mirror images
based on the coglab mental reotation - how long does it take to mentally rotate an object 120
120 = 3000ms
0 = 1500
answer is 1500 ms
simple task is 1500, longest is 3000
3000-1500 = 1500 ms
**do its larger time minus shorter time **
the more we need to rotate in cog lab =
the longer it takes to get answer
what is the chain method of improving memory
associte each item to be remembered with a vivid image
big ben, in fur out, boudning up and down, dirves into honey store
pegword technique
grocery list: bread, milk, apples and sugar
1 = bun, 2 = moo, 3 = tree, 4 = floor (we spilled the sugar
method of loci
use a familiar place to help our list to stick
eggs falling of mac
potato paints in cornett
bread baking in clearigue
sub is flooded with milk
Eleanor Maguire did what experiment on the mental athletes and regular people in fMRI
fMRI and MRI scans: had people remember number of diff stim - from easy to hard
no diff in physical structures or intelligence scores. Brains of athletes had no different intellectual ability or different structural brain compared to the control group
eleanor maguire found that ‘mental athletes’ of memorization activate which brain area and what learning strategy
used a spatial learning strategy that engages regions ike HippoCampus
distractions in visual imagery
what are Alignment Errors?
two figures that are perceived as grouped together but are misaligned, are remembered as more aligned than they really are
distractions in visual imagery
what are Rotation Errors and alignment errors
also we may invison vancouver island to be a vertaical lisland against NA but it is not
just errors we make imaging things in our heads
what shephard study
whether when people come up with visual images are they more visualizers or varbalizers
diff between visualizers and verablizers
Verbalization: when imaging things think in terms of verbalizaton - use logic to work their way through problems and environment
Visualizersrely on spatial imagery - imagine spatial relations etc, object imagery refers to ability to imagine visual details, features, or objects.
what is the paper folding test
what did it measure
folded paper with a hole punched it in - poeple had to guess what it would look like unfolded
measured people’s Spatial Imagery
the rating scale of vividness of mental images has 5 scales:
perfectly clear
clear and reasonibly vivid
moderatly
vague and dim
no image at all
one big question researches tried to answer about visual imagery what whether it was _ or _
one single process
or is it composed of multiple components
what was the degraded picture task
people have to try and visuaslize an object in a ‘noisy’ nackground
picture of umbrella
those who did well on the mental rotation task are :
those who did well on the degraded picture task are :
Those who did well on Degraded Pictures tasks are the Object Visualizers
Those who did better on Mental Rotation task are the Spatial Visualizer
spatial imagery uses the W- path
object imagery uses the W- path
Spatial - Where
Object - What
3 types of supoosed learning styles are
are people born this way? no they:
Visual
Auditory
Kinesthetic
chldre develop a preference while learning
