imagery ch 10 351

Question 1

the main question of this chapter asks

Answer 1

What’s the difference between thinking and creating a mental image in our head?

And how does that compare to when we actually see objects in our environment

Question 2

difference between Mental Imagery and Visual Imagery

Answer 2

mental imagery - includes sensations other than visual -

visual imagery - only ‘seeing’ in absense of a visual stimulus

Question 3

Kosslyn’s thoery on Imagery and Percpetion is

Answer 3

mental imagery is Spatial
when we imagine a photo it takes us longer to move from one part of the photo to another

boat example

Question 4

Lea’s theory sought to explain why it takes us longer to move around the boat due to?

Answer 4

Distractions

Question 5

what was Plyshyn’s thoery about Imagery

Answer 5

Spatial Representation is an Epiphenomenon. Itc ccompanies real mechanism but is not actually a part of it, only a byproduct

Plyshyn’s theory says Imagery is Propositional - when we make mental images we represent it using abstract symbols, and language

Question 6

how would ply describe cat under the table

how would kosslyn describe cat under table

Answer 6

Plyshyn: we don’t actually see the cat, we use symbols like langauge to represent this mental image

Koss: we spatially picture the cat under table in our mind’s eye - mental imagery is pictures and images

Question 7

what was Plyshsyn’s Tacit Knowledge Explation of Kosslyn’s theory

Answer 7

koss’s results can be explained by using our real world knowledge unconcsiously

eg - we know it takes longer to get from port mcneil to CR than from nan to vic

Question 8

what was Finke and Pinker’s study on

Answer 8

had ppl look at arrays of dots
dots dissapear, then arrow apperas and asks if there was a dot where this arrow points

people had longer reaction times when they perceived a longer distance between arrow and dot
because they had to mentally travel longer distance between arrow and dot when it was further away

Question 9

why was it easier to describe whiskers on a rabbit when it was compared to a mouse, and harder when it was compared to an elephant

Answer 9

becuase the rabbit is much bigger when put beside the mouse, so we add more detail to the mental image of the rabbit

Question 10

what did Perky’s Banana experiemnt show

Answer 10

people’s descriptions matched the project image of the banada even tho they were not aware of the projected banana

Question 11

what was Martha Farah’s study

Answer 11

Asked participants to imagine a letter: H
Then they were flashed very briefly 1 of 2 conditions
Blank screen and then the target, or
Flashed target and then a blank screen

Task was to decide was the flashed letter (your target) in the first square or 2nd square?
Results showed that accuracy was higher in identifying the target letter when it matched the letter participants had imagined, compared to when they had imagined a different letter.

Question 12

Martha Farah’s experiemnt was the first bit of evidence for

Answer 12

an overlap in imagery and percpetion

Question 13

Kreiman did invasive single cel recordng in pateints who were already unergoing brain surgery to help their Epilepsy

what did results show

Answer 13

the same neurons would fire if people saw a ball and when they imagined a ball in mind’s eye

more proof of overlap between perceptin and mental imagery

Question 14

in kreiman’s study - the nuerons associated with imagery were in the : of the brain

Answer 14

in the Medial Temporal Lobe this is where the amygdala and hippocampus are

Question 15

what was Ganis’s study

what brain area is crucial to his results

Answer 15

2 conditons - Percption and Imagery
perceptin cond - people studied this tree
imagery cond - people asked to imagine the tree they had just seen

found that percpetion and imagery activatedsame area of brain in the Frontal Lobe

Question 16

what do the brain scans from’s Ganis Tree study show

perfect overlap in _ region
nearly perf overal in _ region

conclusion found there is more activation in the _ cond, than the _ cond, where the _ lobe is

Answer 16

perfect overlap in Frontal Region
nearly perf overlap in Mid Region

diff patterns of activation in the visual cortex

This tells us in this study there was a lot more activation in the Perception condition than the Imagery condition - where the Occipital Lobe is.

Question 17

how did Koss finally get causal evidence

Answer 17

applied TMS to people’s viusal cortex during Percpetion and Imagery tasks

He showed people photos like this - boxed of lines, they were supposed to judge are certain lines (box 3)longer than box 2

When the VISUAL CORTEX was disrupted by the TMS pulse, imagery and perception tasks slowed down
- they were unable to respond when tms pulse was on the visual cortex
- so we know visual cortex activity play causal role in Perception and Imagery

Question 18

what did patient MGS have removed for their eplisepsy treatmnet

Answer 18

MGS had part of their Occipital Lobe

ass - OMG

Question 19

martha Farah had MGS compelte mental walk task - walk to animal til they fill your mind’s eye

MGS got in - feet
after on thier surgery on what? they got - feet

gave us more info that:

Answer 19

MGS did this ans reported htey could get within 15 feeet before horse filled their visual field

after surgery on thier Right Occipital Lobe was removed
pateitn said they could now get within 35 feet before horse filled their mental image

gave us more info that our Visual Cortex is important to mental images

Question 20

damage to the Parietal lobe on 1 side of the body
results in _____

name of this conditon

Answer 20

perception on the OTHER side of body is effect
Unilateral Neglect

Question 21

reseraches wanted to see in UniLateral neglect effets imagery as well - what study

this study gave more evidence that

Answer 21

piazza del dumo
when asked to visual the square - person with unilateral neglect - only described imagery from one side

More evidence that perception and imagery are Linked

Question 22

what happens in your brain when you imagine an object
4 technical methods of study used to research this are:

Answer 22

Single Cell Recording
fMRI
TMS
Lesion Data

Question 23

Cecilia Guariglia
what did her brain damaged patient show?

they had unilateral neglect for ___ but not for ____

Answer 23

that their perceptions were intact
but their mental images were impaired

they had unilatearl negelct only for iamgery only

ass - imagine temporal cecilia

Question 24

patient RM
they had damage to the __ and ___

results of this were

Answer 24

they had damage to the Left Occipital and Parietal Lobes

able to draw pictures of objects in front of them - copy them well

Unable to draw the same objects from memory

Question 26

Patient CK had _ impaired but _ was intact his condition was

Answer 26

CK had percpetion impaired but mental imagery intact he had **Visual Agnosia** - could not visualize obects, but when shown the obects we could name them he was able to draw images from memory - but shortly after his drawings - he couldnt say what he had drawn **cisual kagnosia**

Question 27

how do pateint CK and RM create a double dissocation

Answer 27

because CK could not recognize objects, Visual Agnosia tho he could draw objects based on menta limages - (Cisual Agnosia) while RM had regular perception but couldnt draw anything from memory (Righteous Memory)

Question 28

perpetion and imagery which is TU and which is BU

Answer 28

percpetion - bottom up imagery - top down

Question 29

the coglab mental rotation was done by _ and _

Answer 29

shepard and melzter

Question 30

which one is harder to manipulate and why percpetion or mental image

Answer 30

harder to maniplate a mental image esier in percpetion as we can just change our POV

Question 31

in the cog lab mental rotation what is the IV and DV

Answer 31

**IV**- object similarity (same or diff) diff: mirror reversed rotation angle: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 degres **DV** - reaction time in ms

Question 32

no matter the degree of rotation

Answer 32

some will never maych because they are mirror images

Question 33

based on the coglab mental reotation - how long does it take to mentally rotate an object 120

Answer 33

120 = 3000ms 0 = 1500 answer is 1500 ms simple task is 1500, longest is 3000 3000-1500 = 1500 ms **do its larger time minus shorter time **

Question 34

the more we need to rotate in cog lab =

Answer 34

the longer it takes to get answer

Question 35

what is the chain method of improving memory

Answer 35

associte each item to be remembered with a vivid image big ben, in fur out, boudning up and down, dirves into honey store

Question 36

pegword technique

Answer 36

grocery list: bread, milk, apples and sugar 1 = bun, 2 = moo, 3 = tree, 4 = floor (we spilled the sugar

Question 37

method of loci

Answer 37

use a familiar place to help our list to stick eggs falling of mac potato paints in cornett bread baking in clearigue sub is flooded with milk

Question 38

Eleanor Maguire did what experiment on the mental athletes and regular people in fMRI

Answer 38

fMRI and MRI scans: had people remember number of diff stim - from easy to hard no diff in physical structures or intelligence scores. Brains of athletes had no different intellectual ability or different structural brain compared to the control group

Question 39

eleanor maguire found that 'mental athletes' of memorization activate which brain area and what learning strategy

Answer 39

used a **spatial learning strategy** that engages regions ike **HippoCampus**

Question 40

distractions in visual imagery what are Alignment Errors?

Answer 40

two figures that are perceived as grouped together but are misaligned, are remembered as more aligned than they really are

Question 41

distractions in visual imagery what are Rotation Errors and alignment errors

Answer 41

also we may invison vancouver island to be a vertaical lisland against NA but it is not just errors we make imaging things in our heads

Question 42

what shephard study

Answer 42

whether when people come up with visual images are they more visualizers or varbalizers

Question 43

diff between visualizers and verablizers

Answer 43

**Verbalization:** when imaging things think in terms of verbalizaton - use logic to work their way through problems and environment **Visualizers**rely on spatial imagery - imagine spatial relations etc, object imagery refers to ability to imagine visual details, features, or objects.

Question 44

what is the paper folding test what did it measure

Answer 44

folded paper with a hole punched it in - poeple had to guess what it would look like unfolded measured people's **Spatial Imagery**

Question 45

the rating scale of vividness of mental images has 5 scales:

Answer 45

perfectly clear clear and reasonibly vivid moderatly vague and dim no image at all

Question 46

one big question researches tried to answer about visual imagery what whether it was _ or _

Answer 46

one single process or is it composed of multiple components

Question 47

what was the degraded picture task

Answer 47

people have to try and visuaslize an object in a 'noisy' nackground picture of umbrella

Question 48

those who did well on the mental rotation task are : those who did well on the degraded picture task are :

Answer 48

Those who did well on **Degraded Pictures** tasks are the **Object Visualizers** Those who did better on **Mental Rotation** task are the **Spatial Visualizer**

Question 49

spatial imagery uses the W- path object imagery uses the W- path

Answer 49

Spatial - Where Object - What

Question 50

3 types of supoosed learning styles are are people born this way? no they:

Answer 50

Visual Auditory Kinesthetic chldre develop a preference while learning