chcch2 brain and nervous system Flashcards
functions of glial cells
● Support neurons physically
● Supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
● Insulate neurons from each other
● Protect neurons from pathogens and clean out dead
neurons
● Modulate/regulate neural activity
astrocytes are in the CNS and satellite cells are their counter part in PNS - what are their functions
● Structural support for
neurons
● Help create the blood-
brain barrier (BBB)
● Provide nutrients to
neurons
● Modulate neural activity
through reuptake of
neurotransmitters and
regulation of ion
concentration
what do EPENDYMAL CELLS do in the central nervous system
Help produce & circulate cerebrospinal fluid
what do microglia glial cells do in the central nervous system
Macrophages that devour and digest
cellular debris (phagocytosis)
list the 4 body centric spacial terms and what they mean
Body centric:
● Dorsal ≈ back
● Ventral ≈ belly
● Rostral ≈ nose
● Caudal ≈ tail
list the 4 space centric spacial terms adn what they mean
above,below, before and after
Space centric:
● Superior ≈ above
● Inferior ≈ below
● Anterior ≈ before
● Posterior ≈ after
the two terms meaning whether things are on the same side or not are
A and B are ipsilateral
(same side)
A and C are contralateral
(opposite sides)
the two terms meanign whether things are on one side or both sides
One or both:
● A is unilateral (one side)
● D is bilateral (both sides)
what do we call things on the left or right
Left or right:
● Left lateralized
● Right lateralized
terms meaning near or far
proximal - near
distal - far
describe the 3 planes of section
Horizontal Transverse Axial - a plate separating the top of head from the bottom horizontally
Coronal Frontal - a plate splitting the front and back of the head, vertically through the ears
Sagittal - a plate going through the head so that each bilateral sides are symmetrical - between the eyes
what are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Somatic:
● Voluntary control of action
● Somatosensory: from skin to
brain
● Motor: from brain to muscles
Autonomic
● Sympathetic & parasympathetic:
regulation of involuntary
functions, e.g.:
● Heart
● Gut
● Glands
● Etc…
cerebellum function
small section at the base of the brain. motor control, coordination, posture, equilibirum
hypothalamus function
hormone release, body temp, hunger, thirst, sleep
thalamus
sensory motor hub and relay
lateral geniculate nucleus - visual relay
medial geniculate nucleus - auditory relay
amygdala function
emotion - fear and episodic long term memory
hippocampus function
episodic long term memory, spatial navigation
what are the 3 main divisions of brain - and what are the main splits in these 3 parts - subparts
FOREBRAIN - Telencephalon and Diencephalon
MIDBRAIN - Mesencephalon
HINDBRAIN - Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
what are the 4 lobes
Frontal - left side - largest section
Parietal - middle top
Temporal - middle bottom
Occipital - far right - smallest section
what are sulk and fissures
folds / clefts in the cortex
what are the ridges in the cortex called - what are the 4 types
GYRI
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
cingulate gyrus
cuneus
what are the connections between the two hemispheres called
commissures
what is in gray matter - in cerebral cortex
cortical surface
cell bodies
what is in white matter - in cerebral cortex
myelinated axons
the part of the brain likely to be damaged by a stroke depends on…
which artery is blocked
what is a connectome
what is the study of it called
the wiring diagram of the brain
study of it is called connectomics
pattern of grey and white matter in brain - location
and in spinal cord
in the brain - grey matter is outer portion
spinal cord - this is reversed, white on outside and grey within
brain stem connects cerebrum w spinal cord - what 3 things is it divided into
midbrain
pons
medulla
