brabrain lecture notes Flashcards
astrocytes and satellite cells have similiar functions. what are they, which is in PNS and which is in CNS
astrocytes in CNS, satellites in PNS
Support neurons which are delicate due to their long extensions
Blood Brain Barrier - protects neurons by existing between neurons and capillaries to keep pathogens from overlapping
Reuptake of NT’s, help the clearing out process
Regulate ION [ ] in extracellular fluid
what do oligodendrocytes and schawnn cells do? which is in CNS or PNS
Oligo’s are in CNS, Schwann in PNS
make up myelin sheaths
oligo’s can fit around multiple axons
schwann’s only fit on one segment of myelin
what 2 things do epyndymal cells, they are only found in PNS or CNS
only in CNS.
they line fluid filled cavities called Ventricles and do 2 things
1) help provide barrier between fluid space and neural tissue
2) have cilia hair that helps to circulate the CSF through
microglia are only found in _NS. what do they do
only in CNS
they are a Macrophage, meaning they clean up dead tissue, cells, through PhagoCytosis
what do the 4 space centric terms mean
superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior
Superior - above
Inferior - below
Anteriori - in front of, before, to the nose
Posterior - towards the back
what do the 4 body centric terms mean
dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal
Dorsal - Back
Ventral - belly
Rostral - nose
Caudal - towards tail
what do the side to side terms mean
medial
lateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
unilateral
bilateral
Medial - towards midline of the body
Lateral - towards sides of the body
We can talk about two areas if they are on the same side - Ipsilateral
If two areas are on opposite sides - Contralateral
If it only happens on one side of brain - Unilateral - left lateralized or right lateralized
If it happens on both sides - Bilateral
what does the Horizontal Transverse Axial plane of section look like
cut through ear to ear - lines below eyes and above nose
what does the coronal frontal plane of section look like
looking at brain straight on, slices from ear to ear vertically
what does the sagittal plane of section look like
slice symmetrically, through the eyes if it is down the middle it is MidSagittal
peripheral nervous system is divided into __ and ___, how do these 2 differ between they’re location in the body
Somatic - nerves reach out all the way to fingers and toes because they head out to control skeletal muscles of body and head in to somatosensory receptors under skin
Autonomic - controlling primarily internal organs of body, those nerves don’t reach out to fingers and toes area - stay around spinal cord
somatosensory refers to
motor refers to
signals travelling from skin to brain
signals travelling from brain to muscles
for the somatosensory nerves - touch receptors allow you to feel diff things, pressure triggers nerve and carried back to spinal cord, what is notable here?
signals are carried into spinal cord
cell body for these receptor cells are also in PNS,
cell body is not in the spinal cord it is out in a cluster of cells called a Ganglion
how is the set up for the somatic motor neurons cell bodies regarding the cell bodies and spinal cord
unlike the somatosensory neurons, the motor neurons cell bodies are in the spinal cord, and only their axons run out to the PNS and onto muscles,
how is the set up autonomic motor neurons different than the somatic motor neurons
in somatic the cell bodies are in spinal cord and only the axons went out to the muscle
autonomic motor neurosn - the cell is in the spinal cord sending out a signal, but there are these cell bodies in a Ganglion that are part of the PNS, and it is their axons that go out to the things like heart muscles, gland cells, smooth muscle cells
so in autonomic motor neurons the cell bodies are in the PNS in a ganglia
sympathetic and parasymp. explain the set up of efferents vs afferents coming to and from spinal cord. what is the afferent called
there are two sets of outputs - sympathetic Efferents and parasymp efferents going to the bladder from SC
but only one set of these from bladder back to SC - called the General Visceral Afferent Fibers
sympathetic vs parasympathetic
work antagonistically to achieve Homeostasis
symp - fight or flight - increase blood flow, heart rate, stop digestion, dilate pupils (focus on distance)
parasymp - rest and digest - decrease heart rate, digests, constrict pupils (focus on nearby), relaxes us
what are the two main protections of the brain
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
cerebrospinal fluid is found in varoius spots in brain called
ventricles
what diff ways can structure of brain be defined
structurally - by appearance
by function
by development from early embryo to adult brain
what are meninges
protective layers around brain
what is the outermost meninge- characteristics of it
Dura Mater - thick and tough, encases whole brain, smooth not curved like brain, like an outer envelope
what is the 2nd outermost meninge
Arachnoid mater - thin layer under dura mater
what is the meninge space called, where does it fall in order of meninges
what is its function
3rd outermost ‘layer’
subarachnoid space - filled iwth webby fibrous material
filled with CSF and is a place where things like vessels of circulatory syste, an flow through
what is the most inner meninge layer
Pia Mater - thin layer, follows brain surface in detail, highly folded, smooth
explain where the 4 ventricles are
Ventricles are large fluid filled spaces buried deep within the brain.
1st and 2nd is left and right Lateral ventricles - one on each side, large and complex shape.
Buried down underneath the ventricles is the 3rd ventricle right on the midline,
further down in the brain stem we have the 4th ventricle.
They are all interconnected by narrow canals. fluid connects through all of them
function of ventricles
They help support the brain from the inside. They give it some lineage, like a water bed.
what produces cerebrospinal fluid - where and what is it
what circulates the fluid
Choroid Plexuses
Produced by tissue that is in the ventricles, this pink ribbon is the Choroid Plexuses
ependymal cells with cilia
function of cerebrospinal fluid
helps support the brain
helps ion concentration at right levels in extracellular fluid
chemical stability,
in clearing waste - dead cell parts and other waste out of the nervous system.
signals from PNS are coming into the Spinal cord and sent out from Spinal Cord, and this isn’t done in a random way, rather it is highly organized - explain how
where does this not stand true
Upper parts of SC have nerves heading out to the upper part of the body, as you move down they serve lower parts of the body,
legs and arm maps are not as consistent there are quirks
for the face things are diff: nerves for face do not enter spinal cord, they enter the brain stem instead
there is variation from person to person about how these areas line up to parts of spinal cord
grey matter of spinal cord contains the
Cell Bodies
white matter of spinal cord is made of
myelinated axons
efferent neurons and afferent neurons are correlated with different parts of the spinal cord - explain
Dorsal side has sensory neurons - bring info from periphery into SC and they are Afferents. Ascending up to the brain
Ventral side has motor neurons that send signals out to periphery to control muscles - they are Efferents. Descending from brain through SC to muscles
what phalons is the hindbrain divided into - bottom first
Myelencephalon up to Metencephalon
what phalons is the midbrain made of
just one! the Mesencephalon
what phalons is the forebrain made of - bottom to the top
diencephalon up to the telencephalon
5 phalons of the brain from top to the bottom
MYELEN cephalon
METEN cephalon
MESEN cephalon
DIEN cephalon
TELEN cephalon
most of the hindbrain and midbrain is part of the brainstem - except for the
cerebellum
the spinal cord transitions into the
Medulla Oblongata
what are the 3 main parts of the brain stem from the bottom to the top
Medulla Oblongata
Pons - more round
Midbrain - sits on top of the pons
the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are kinda like an extension of the spinal cord so they have lots of nerves coming in and out - what are these nerves called
Cranial Nerves - both afferent and efferent nerves coming in and out
functions of Medulla
tends to support breathing, heart rate, blood pressure - core bodily unconscious functions
functions of the Pons
involved in sense of balance, swallowing so you don’t choke, taste
midbrain splits into what 3 components
inferioir colliculi
superior colliculi
substantia nigra
what does the inferior colliculi of the midbrian do?
audition - hearing ability, info form the ears arrives in midbrain before going to the cortex
what does the superioir colliculi of the midbrain do
vision and controlling eye movments
what does the substantia nigra of the midbrain do
one of the main areas of the brain that uses Dopamine as a NeuroTransmitter
rewards learning, addiction, movement. comes back up when we talk about motor control and decision making later in the course.
what does the Diencephalon consist of?
thalamus and hypothalamus
what phalon is the thalamus and hypothalamus in
diencephalon
how to find the Thalamus
it sits right on top of the brain stem, medulla pons and midbrain..
And then on top of it is the thalamus, hypothalamus is below (hypo means below), infront and below thalamus.
cerebellum function is
motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium. Riding bike, hitting baseball - any coordinated way, fine coordination
hypothalamus function is
low level bodily functions like controlling hormones, body temp, hunger and thirst,
thalamus function is
critical relay station - info from eyes takes a stop in thalamus before reaching cortex (in lateral geniculate nucleus) and info from ears stops in medial geniculate nucleus before arriving in the cortex
info from the eyes takes a stop in the thalamus in the ________ before reaching cortex
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
info from the ears takes a stop in the ______ before reaching the cortex
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
list the 3 or 4 parts of the basal ganglia
Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus
Nucleus Accumbens
the 3/4 parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. how do they work together - what is their structure
what about the nucleus accumbens
Caudate is a tail like shape and it wraps around the Putamen
Globus Pallidus is tucked into the medial surface of the Putamen
The Nucleus Accumbens is a tiny thing below the Globus Pallidus
what is the Striatum
when two parts of the Basal Ganglia: the Caudate and Putamen work together they are collectively referred to as the Striatum
what does the caudate of the basal ganglia do
voluntary movement and goal directed action
what does the putamen of the basal ganglia do
motor skills and reinforcement learning
what does the globus palidus of the basal ganglia do
regulation of voluntary movement
what does the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia do
deals with aversion, motivation, pleasure, reward.
what does the amygdala do
emotional processing including fear, and because of that associated with long term memory - we tend to remember emotionally salient events
what does the hippocampus do
also critical for long term memory - palsy a role in where things happen, when you have a memory you remember what happened and also where it happened - linked to location of memories - talk more in memory topic
