brabrain lecture notes Flashcards by Colette Holmes-Smith

astrocytes and satellite cells have similiar functions. what are they, which is in PNS and which is in CNS

astrocytes in CNS, satellites in PNS

Support neurons which are delicate due to their long extensions

Blood Brain Barrier - protects neurons by existing between neurons and capillaries to keep pathogens from overlapping

Reuptake of NT’s, help the clearing out process

Regulate ION [ ] in extracellular fluid

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what do oligodendrocytes and schawnn cells do? which is in CNS or PNS

Oligo’s are in CNS, Schwann in PNS

make up myelin sheaths
oligo’s can fit around multiple axons
schwann’s only fit on one segment of myelin

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what 2 things do epyndymal cells, they are only found in PNS or CNS

only in CNS.

they line fluid filled cavities called Ventricles and do 2 things

1) help provide barrier between fluid space and neural tissue

2) have cilia hair that helps to circulate the CSF through

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microglia are only found in _NS. what do they do

only in CNS

they are a Macrophage, meaning they clean up dead tissue, cells, through PhagoCytosis

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what do the 4 space centric terms mean

superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior

Superior - above
Inferior - below
Anteriori - in front of, before, to the nose
Posterior - towards the back

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what do the 4 body centric terms mean

dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal

Dorsal - Back
Ventral - belly
Rostral - nose
Caudal - towards tail

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what do the side to side terms mean

medial
lateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
unilateral
bilateral

Medial - towards midline of the body

Lateral - towards sides of the body

We can talk about two areas if they are on the same side - Ipsilateral

If two areas are on opposite sides - Contralateral

If it only happens on one side of brain - Unilateral - left lateralized or right lateralized

If it happens on both sides - Bilateral

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what does the Horizontal Transverse Axial plane of section look like

cut through ear to ear - lines below eyes and above nose

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what does the coronal frontal plane of section look like

looking at brain straight on, slices from ear to ear vertically

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what does the sagittal plane of section look like

slice symmetrically, through the eyes if it is down the middle it is MidSagittal

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peripheral nervous system is divided into __ and ___, how do these 2 differ between they’re location in the body

Somatic - nerves reach out all the way to fingers and toes because they head out to control skeletal muscles of body and head in to somatosensory receptors under skin

Autonomic - controlling primarily internal organs of body, those nerves don’t reach out to fingers and toes area - stay around spinal cord

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somatosensory refers to

motor refers to

signals travelling from skin to brain

signals travelling from brain to muscles

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for the somatosensory nerves - touch receptors allow you to feel diff things, pressure triggers nerve and carried back to spinal cord, what is notable here?

signals are carried into spinal cord

cell body for these receptor cells are also in PNS,

cell body is not in the spinal cord it is out in a cluster of cells called a Ganglion

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how is the set up for the somatic motor neurons cell bodies regarding the cell bodies and spinal cord

unlike the somatosensory neurons, the motor neurons cell bodies are in the spinal cord, and only their axons run out to the PNS and onto muscles,

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how is the set up autonomic motor neurons different than the somatic motor neurons

in somatic the cell bodies are in spinal cord and only the axons went out to the muscle

autonomic motor neurosn - the cell is in the spinal cord sending out a signal, but there are these cell bodies in a Ganglion that are part of the PNS, and it is their axons that go out to the things like heart muscles, gland cells, smooth muscle cells

so in autonomic motor neurons the cell bodies are in the PNS in a ganglia

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sympathetic and parasymp. explain the set up of efferents vs afferents coming to and from spinal cord. what is the afferent called

there are two sets of outputs - sympathetic Efferents and parasymp efferents going to the bladder from SC

but only one set of these from bladder back to SC - called the General Visceral Afferent Fibers

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sympathetic vs parasympathetic

work antagonistically to achieve Homeostasis

symp - fight or flight - increase blood flow, heart rate, stop digestion, dilate pupils (focus on distance)

parasymp - rest and digest - decrease heart rate, digests, constrict pupils (focus on nearby), relaxes us

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what are the two main protections of the brain

Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid

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cerebrospinal fluid is found in varoius spots in brain called

ventricles

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what diff ways can structure of brain be defined

structurally - by appearance

by function

by development from early embryo to adult brain

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what are meninges

protective layers around brain

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what is the outermost meninge- characteristics of it

Dura Mater - thick and tough, encases whole brain, smooth not curved like brain, like an outer envelope

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what is the 2nd outermost meninge

Arachnoid mater - thin layer under dura mater

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what is the meninge space called, where does it fall in order of meninges

what is its function

3rd outermost ‘layer’

subarachnoid space - filled iwth webby fibrous material
filled with CSF and is a place where things like vessels of circulatory syste, an flow through

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what is the most inner meninge layer

Pia Mater - thin layer, follows brain surface in detail, highly folded, smooth

explain where the 4 ventricles are

Ventricles are large fluid filled spaces buried deep within the brain. 1st and 2nd is left and right Lateral ventricles - one on each side, large and complex shape. Buried down underneath the ventricles is the 3rd ventricle right on the midline, further down in the brain stem we have the 4th ventricle. They are all interconnected by narrow canals. fluid connects through all of them

function of ventricles

They help support the brain from the inside. They give it some lineage, like a water bed.

what produces cerebrospinal fluid - where and what is it what circulates the fluid

Choroid Plexuses Produced by tissue that is in the ventricles, this pink ribbon is the Choroid Plexuses ependymal cells with cilia

function of cerebrospinal fluid

helps support the brain helps ion concentration at right levels in extracellular fluid chemical stability, in clearing waste - dead cell parts and other waste out of the nervous system.

signals from PNS are coming into the Spinal cord and sent out from Spinal Cord, and this isn’t done in a random way, rather it is highly organized - explain how where does this not stand true

Upper parts of SC have nerves heading out to the upper part of the body, as you move down they serve lower parts of the body, legs and arm maps are not as consistent there are quirks for the face things are diff: nerves for face do not enter spinal cord, they enter the brain stem instead there is variation from person to person about how these areas line up to parts of spinal cord

grey matter of spinal cord contains the

Cell Bodies

white matter of spinal cord is made of

myelinated axons

efferent neurons and afferent neurons are correlated with different parts of the spinal cord - explain

Dorsal side has sensory neurons - bring info from periphery into SC and they are Afferents. Ascending up to the brain Ventral side has motor neurons that send signals out to periphery to control muscles - they are Efferents. Descending from brain through SC to muscles

what phalons is the hindbrain divided into - bottom first

Myelencephalon up to Metencephalon

what phalons is the midbrain made of

just one! the Mesencephalon

what phalons is the forebrain made of - bottom to the top

diencephalon up to the telencephalon

5 phalons of the brain from top to the bottom

MYELEN cephalon METEN cephalon MESEN cephalon DIEN cephalon TELEN cephalon

most of the hindbrain and midbrain is part of the brainstem - except for the

cerebellum

the spinal cord transitions into the

Medulla Oblongata

what are the 3 main parts of the brain stem from the bottom to the top

Medulla Oblongata Pons - more round Midbrain - sits on top of the pons

the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are kinda like an extension of the spinal cord so they have lots of nerves coming in and out - what are these nerves called

Cranial Nerves - both afferent and efferent nerves coming in and out

functions of Medulla

tends to support breathing, heart rate, blood pressure - core bodily unconscious functions

functions of the Pons

involved in sense of balance, swallowing so you don't choke, taste

midbrain splits into what 3 components

inferioir colliculi superior colliculi substantia nigra

what does the inferior colliculi of the midbrian do?

audition - hearing ability, info form the ears arrives in midbrain before going to the cortex

what does the superioir colliculi of the midbrain do

vision and controlling eye movments

what does the substantia nigra of the midbrain do

one of the main areas of the brain that uses Dopamine as a NeuroTransmitter rewards learning, addiction, movement. comes back up when we talk about motor control and decision making later in the course.

what does the Diencephalon consist of?

thalamus and hypothalamus

what phalon is the thalamus and hypothalamus in

diencephalon

how to find the Thalamus

it sits right on top of the brain stem, medulla pons and midbrain.. And then on top of it is the thalamus, hypothalamus is below (hypo means below), infront and below thalamus.

cerebellum function is

motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium. Riding bike, hitting baseball - any coordinated way, fine coordination

hypothalamus function is

low level bodily functions like controlling hormones, body temp, hunger and thirst,

thalamus function is

critical relay station - info from eyes takes a stop in thalamus before reaching cortex (in lateral geniculate nucleus) and info from ears stops in medial geniculate nucleus before arriving in the cortex

info from the eyes takes a stop in the thalamus in the ________ before reaching cortex

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

info from the ears takes a stop in the ______ before reaching the cortex

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

list the 3 or 4 parts of the basal ganglia

Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus Nucleus Accumbens

the 3/4 parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. how do they work together - what is their structure what about the nucleus accumbens

Caudate is a tail like shape and it wraps around the Putamen Globus Pallidus is tucked into the medial surface of the Putamen The Nucleus Accumbens is a tiny thing below the Globus Pallidus

what is the Striatum

when two parts of the Basal Ganglia: the Caudate and Putamen work together they are collectively referred to as the Striatum

what does the caudate of the basal ganglia do

voluntary movement and goal directed action

what does the putamen of the basal ganglia do

motor skills and reinforcement learning

what does the globus palidus of the basal ganglia do

regulation of voluntary movement

what does the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia do

deals with aversion, motivation, pleasure, reward.

what does the amygdala do

emotional processing including fear, and because of that associated with long term memory - we tend to remember emotionally salient events

what does the hippocampus do

also critical for long term memory - palsy a role in where things happen, when you have a memory you remember what happened and also where it happened - linked to location of memories - talk more in memory topic