brabrain lecture notes Flashcards
astrocytes and satellite cells have similiar functions. what are they, which is in PNS and which is in CNS
astrocytes in CNS, satellites in PNS
Support neurons which are delicate due to their long extensions
Blood Brain Barrier - protects neurons by existing between neurons and capillaries to keep pathogens from overlapping
Reuptake of NT’s, help the clearing out process
Regulate ION [ ] in extracellular fluid
what do oligodendrocytes and schawnn cells do? which is in CNS or PNS
Oligo’s are in CNS, Schwann in PNS
make up myelin sheaths
oligo’s can fit around multiple axons
schwann’s only fit on one segment of myelin
what 2 things do epyndymal cells, they are only found in PNS or CNS
only in CNS.
they line fluid filled cavities called Ventricles and do 2 things
1) help provide barrier between fluid space and neural tissue
2) have cilia hair that helps to circulate the CSF through
microglia are only found in _NS. what do they do
only in CNS
they are a Macrophage, meaning they clean up dead tissue, cells, through PhagoCytosis
what do the 4 space centric terms mean
superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior
Superior - above
Inferior - below
Anteriori - in front of, before, to the nose
Posterior - towards the back
what do the 4 body centric terms mean
dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal
Dorsal - Back
Ventral - belly
Rostral - nose
Caudal - towards tail
what do the side to side terms mean
medial
lateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
unilateral
bilateral
Medial - towards midline of the body
Lateral - towards sides of the body
We can talk about two areas if they are on the same side - Ipsilateral
If two areas are on opposite sides - Contralateral
If it only happens on one side of brain - Unilateral - left lateralized or right lateralized
If it happens on both sides - Bilateral
what does the Horizontal Transverse Axial plane of section look like
cut through ear to ear - lines below eyes and above nose
what does the coronal frontal plane of section look like
looking at brain straight on, slices from ear to ear vertically
what does the sagittal plane of section look like
slice symmetrically, through the eyes if it is down the middle it is MidSagittal
peripheral nervous system is divided into __ and ___, how do these 2 differ between they’re location in the body
Somatic - nerves reach out all the way to fingers and toes because they head out to control skeletal muscles of body and head in to somatosensory receptors under skin
Autonomic - controlling primarily internal organs of body, those nerves don’t reach out to fingers and toes area - stay around spinal cord
somatosensory refers to
motor refers to
signals travelling from skin to brain
signals travelling from brain to muscles
for the somatosensory nerves - touch receptors allow you to feel diff things, pressure triggers nerve and carried back to spinal cord, what is notable here?
signals are carried into spinal cord
cell body for these receptor cells are also in PNS,
cell body is not in the spinal cord it is out in a cluster of cells called a Ganglion
how is the set up for the somatic motor neurons cell bodies regarding the cell bodies and spinal cord
unlike the somatosensory neurons, the motor neurons cell bodies are in the spinal cord, and only their axons run out to the PNS and onto muscles,
how is the set up autonomic motor neurons different than the somatic motor neurons
in somatic the cell bodies are in spinal cord and only the axons went out to the muscle
autonomic motor neurosn - the cell is in the spinal cord sending out a signal, but there are these cell bodies in a Ganglion that are part of the PNS, and it is their axons that go out to the things like heart muscles, gland cells, smooth muscle cells
so in autonomic motor neurons the cell bodies are in the PNS in a ganglia
sympathetic and parasymp. explain the set up of efferents vs afferents coming to and from spinal cord. what is the afferent called
there are two sets of outputs - sympathetic Efferents and parasymp efferents going to the bladder from SC
but only one set of these from bladder back to SC - called the General Visceral Afferent Fibers
sympathetic vs parasympathetic
work antagonistically to achieve Homeostasis
symp - fight or flight - increase blood flow, heart rate, stop digestion, dilate pupils (focus on distance)
parasymp - rest and digest - decrease heart rate, digests, constrict pupils (focus on nearby), relaxes us
what are the two main protections of the brain
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
cerebrospinal fluid is found in varoius spots in brain called
ventricles
what diff ways can structure of brain be defined
structurally - by appearance
by function
by development from early embryo to adult brain
what are meninges
protective layers around brain
what is the outermost meninge- characteristics of it
Dura Mater - thick and tough, encases whole brain, smooth not curved like brain, like an outer envelope
what is the 2nd outermost meninge
Arachnoid mater - thin layer under dura mater
what is the meninge space called, where does it fall in order of meninges
what is its function
3rd outermost ‘layer’
subarachnoid space - filled iwth webby fibrous material
filled with CSF and is a place where things like vessels of circulatory syste, an flow through
what is the most inner meninge layer
Pia Mater - thin layer, follows brain surface in detail, highly folded, smooth