ch 1 textbook 351

Question 1

watsons 2 issues with analytic introspection

Answer 1

produced variable results frmo person to perosn

results are hard to verify becuase inner mental processes are invisiblw

Question 2

man topic of study for behaviourism is

Answer 2

observable behaviour

what is the realtion between swtim in the environment and behaviour

Question 3

watson’s little abler t expeirment was __ ___

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

pairing 2 stimulus together to cause changes in the response to the neutral stim

inspiredm by pavlov

Question 4

what is operant conditioning - who is associated with it

Answer 4

behaviour is strengthened or weakened by rewards or punishment

Skinner

rat study

Question 5

why was tolamn one of the early cog psych’s

Answer 5

called himself a behaviorist because his focus was on measuring behavior.

But in reality, he was one of the early cognitive psychologists, because he used behavior to infer mental processes.

Question 6

what was so interesting about tolman’s rat study

Answer 6

rat was placed at point A - learned after exploration to turn right to obtain food at point B

behaviorousits predicted this because turnign right was associated with food

but hwen rat was placed at point C - it turned left at the intersection

realized rat had created a Cognitive Map

Question 7

chomsky said language development is determined not by imitation or reinforcemtn - but by an

Answer 7

Inborn Biological Program that holds across cultures

Languag e is a product of the way the mind is constructed rather than a result of reinforcment

Question 8

cognitive pysc revolution was a shift from - to -

Answer 8

from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus–response relationships to an approach whose main goal was to understand the operation of the mind

scientific revolution is a Paradigm Shift

Question 9

what is the Info Procesing Appraoch to study the mind

Answer 9

traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

peration of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages

Question 10

who did the dichotic listening experiment

Answer 10

cherry

people hear sounds of unattended messsage but don’t know what it says

Question 11

what is broadbent famous for

what did his diagram say overall

Answer 11

the flow diagram of attention

says the filer lets attended message through and filters out the unattended message

Question 12

who published first textbook of cog psych

what approach did it emphasize

Answer 12

Neisser

emphasized the info processing approach

Question 13

who made the first lab for scientific psychology

what 2 methods did this lab use

Answer 13

wundt

structuralism and analytic introspection

Question 14

3 philsophers - early studies of hte mind

Answer 14

plato’s rationalism - reality lies in the abstract ideas of objects that exist in our minds - only root to truth is thorugh reason and listening to ourselves

aristotle’s empriicism - reality lies in concrete world of objects our bdoues sense - root to truth is meticulous observations

descartes dualism - i think thereofre i am - reality divided inot brain and mind

Question 15

what did doners mean when he said mental chronometry

Answer 15

said mental rpocesses happen serially - in order step by step (perception, motor selection etc)

Question 16

how did donder find the time it takes to make a choice reaction time

average answer of reaction time

Answer 16

subtraction method!
choice reaction time - minus simplce reaction time = how long it takes us to make a decision

1/10 of a second

Question 17

what is donder’s assumption of serial stages in reaction time

Answer 17

assuming that the selection process was an entirely different step

inr eality making that selection is prob overlapping a few ohter processes

we can’t assume that mental process detection, identifiaction, response selection, and response execution happen in serial oder - could be parralel

Question 18

what is doner’s assumption of pure insertion

Answer 18

that each step of selection process takes the same amount of time

in truth adding extra stages does not change hte lenght of the other stages

Question 19

how did ebbinghaus collect his data - qualatative or quantative?

what question was he tryna answer

what did he find

Answer 19

how rapidly do we forget learned information

quantative method - read list of nonsense syllables til they were memorized
took a break
go back and see how long it took to relearn whawt he had forgotten

shorter his break = fewer repetitions he needed to relearn list

Question 20

ebbinghaus used the savings method to measure forgetting time - how does it work

Answer 20

how many reps did we need to initially memoerize the list

minus

how many times we had to repeat the lsit after a break to relaern it

divide answer by 10 to bring it to 0.2 for example, or 20%

Question 21

willhelm wundt was the first to do what 4 things

Answer 21

First to establish psych lab

First to say psyc is a separate science from Biology and Philosophy

first to call himself a Psychologist

Founder of experimental psychologist

Question 22

what is the signifigance of william James

what was his work based on

Answer 22

wrote first textbook and taught first psyc course at harvard

Based on Introsepction

Question 23

what woman challenged titchener
didn’t get her phd until years after she did it
studied colour vision w hemholtz and published her take on it too

Answer 23

Christine Ladd Franklin

Question 24

who did mary calkins study under?
what did they study
what did she create
what was her other big milestone

Answer 24

studying psych under William James shortly after his long textbook in late 1800s

Originally studied dream content

1st female president of APA in 1905 - american psyc association

Created 1st psych lab founded by a woman

1st course on teaching psyc was so popular they had to add more sections

Denied a PHD from harvard

Question 25

who was the 1st woman to be awarded a doctorate in psych

what was her reserach on

what theory did she develop

Answer 25

Margaret floy Washburn

animal cogntion, and basic physiological processes

developed motor theory of cogntion

Question 26

Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth?

who did she study with

what was thier reserach on

what neg beleif of women was popular during her time that she challenged

Answer 26

Studied with edward thorndike

Did most research on intelligence, focused work on gifted children

at time where people thought woman were less smarter and invalid during menstruation - she chalelnged these assuptions and proved herself

Question 27

what african american psychologist did he tak about and what did he do significantly

what was his 1st black acheivement

waht did he study

what did he prove

Answer 27

Charles Henry Turner

1st black scientist published in Journal Science

cogntive perspective studying animal behaviour
detail sin cosntructions (spider webs) reflected intelligence not instinct

prove insects can hear

high school teacher

Question 28

list 3 famous Behaviourism reserachers and breifly their reserach

Answer 28

Watson - little albert - conditioned child to be afraid of white fuzzy things

Pavlov - dog and bell experient

Skinner - Operant Cond, - shaped by rewards and punishments

Question 30

when talkng about the push against behavioursim why do we mention Tolman and Chomsky - what did they argue

Answer 30

Tolman - rats developing cognitive maps, memorized physical map

Chomsky - kids born with innate ability to learn langauge

Question 31

cog revolution was not just push against behavioursim - also arrival of computers

what 4 things came with the digital computer

Answer 31

• theory of Compuation
• Information Theory
• Computer Science
• AI

Question 32

explain the 2 ttypes of AI

Answer 32

generative - excelts in creating content based on patterns

Cogntie - goes a step further - analyze vast amounts of data, predict things, capable of learning

Question 33

behavioral methods of gathering data - there are four - some are barely used and some used often

Answer 33

natural observation - very little

case studies - soemtimes

correaltinal studies - sometimes

self reports - sometimes

controlled lab experiments - majority

Question 34

list differnent equipment used in lab experiments

Answer 34

computers

response pads

voice keys

eye trackers

Question 35

types of computational models

Answer 35

mathematical
symbolic
connectionist
reinforcemnet laerning
biological
dynamical systems
bayesian