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ch3 251 > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

1
Q

perception is an ____ problem

A

inverse

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2
Q

what contexts influence our interpretation

A

genes
past experience
internal state
environmental context
proximal state

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3
Q

somatosensory system is more than touch, what else is it

A

temperature
vibration
pain
orientation when eyes are closed
bladder urges
blushing
hunger and thirst

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4
Q

distal stimulus

A

soemthing out in the world

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5
Q

proximal stimulus

A

what arrives at our eye, ear etc

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6
Q

what is the percept or perception

A

the representation in your mind of the stimulus

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7
Q

light lands on the back of eye in a focused image on the _________

A

retina

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8
Q

where in the eye are photoreceptors converted into neural signals

A

retina

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9
Q

each system has a diff path through body from ear for example to brain, but all paths have similar path

A

passed from ear into nervous system, start in PNS, arrive at thalamus, then sent to the cortex where it is interpreted into a representation

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10
Q

these two parts of the eye work together to focus and image onto the retina

A

Cornea and Lens

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11
Q

light passes through the ___ and is restricted by the ring of coloured muscles called the ____. it’s in charge of ___________

A

passes through the cornea and restricted by the iris

the iris controls the amount of light that can enter the eye

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12
Q

light passes through the hole in the middle of the iris, the _____

A

pupil

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13
Q

after passing through the pupil what happens to the light

A

it shines through a lens that will focus the image on the retina

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13
Q

light reaches the pr’s of rods and cones at the back fo the retina, they are _____ and then passed on to?

A

the light is Converted to neural signals

signals are passed from PR’s to the BiPolar Cells

then to the Retinal Ganglion Cells

the axons of the Ganglion cells leave the eye through the Blindspot. and they are now the Optic Nerve

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14
Q

from the where the light hits the eye to the back of retina - what are the 3 cell layers in order

A

Ganglions
BiPolar
Photo receptors (rods and cones) - do the conversion

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15
Q

photoreceptors don’t have dendrites to receive signals, they have the ______________. how does it work?

A

when light hits it, it triggers a series of chemical reactions that causes Ion Channels to open, affects Membrane Potential of the receptor, leads to an action potential or inhibits an AP.

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16
Q

photoreceptors input is different than most neurons, what about their output?

A

their output uses an Axon with release of neurotransmitters. it is not unique from other nuerons only the input is unique not the output

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of cones, what colours do they correalte to

A

short to long, refers to what wavelength of light they are most sensitive to

Short cones - Blue end of spectrum - short waves

Medium - middle of spectrum

Long - Red end of the spectrum - longer waves

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17
Q

how does the eye detect colour

A

how much of the cones are short medium or long.

correlate to what colour is coming in

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18
Q

why do we not see colours when we are somewhere dark

A

because we now use rods instead of cones. there is only one type of rod which is the middle to sensitivity of diff wavelengths - it brings us no colour info, just shades of grey

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19
Q

what does retinal receptor density refer to? cones

A

how we have diff [ ] of rodsa nd cones on diff parts of the surface of the retina

the most density is at the fovea - the centre of where welook

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20
Q

what does retinal receptor density refer to? rods

A

there aren’t as many rods in the fovea as there are cones, there is no room for rods - so many cones.

in the dark, you can see something better if it is in your periphery - there are more rods outside the Fovea

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21
Q

after the optic nerve leaves the eye - where does it go - what structures are on its path in order

A

axons arrive at Lateral geniculate Nucleus (thalamus) first

from there is sent through pathways known as the Optic Radiations to the Primary Visual Cortex

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22
Q

what are the pathways called that bring axons of the optic nerve from the lateral geniculate to the primary visual cortex

A

the pathways are called Optic Radiations

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23
Q

primary visual cortex is known as what (symbols)

A

V1 - first visual area

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24
Q

what lobe is the primary visual cortex in

what part of brain is the lobe in

A

Occipital Lobe - back of brain

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25
Q

where is the partial crossover that ends with the info from about left visual field going to right hemi and vice versa with info from the left VF

A

the partial crossover happens at the Optic Chiasm

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26
Q

where does visual cortex info from the Upper Left quadrant of the visual field end up? what does this mean

A

it ends up in the right Ventral - lower right part of brain - aka Calcarine Sulcus

means that visual info is not only flipped left and right, it is flipped upside down as well

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27
Q

where is the calcarine sulcus

A

lower right side of brain - visual info from the upper left will end up here as it is flipped left and right also up and down

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28
Q

what is sound - simple answer

A

changes in air pressure

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29
Q

distal and proximal stimulus in auditory context

A

distal - the creator of the sound (dog)

proximal - the sound waves arriving at our eye from the bark of the dog

30
Q

when sound arrives at the ear - what happens first

A

sound is collected and focused by the outer ear (what we can see)

31
Q

after sound is collected by the outer ear - waht happens

A

sound travels down ear canal to the Tympanum (ear drum). when ear drum is pushed against it vibrates back and forth

32
Q

fancy name for ear drum

A

tympanum

33
Q

what is in betwen the ear drum and cochlea? list all names and order

A

middle ear, 3 tiny bones called the Ossicles - MIS

ear drum is connected to the Malleus –> Incus –> Stapes –> Cochlea

34
Q

how is sound vibration transferred from the ossicles to cochlea

A

the last ossicle - stapes - pushes against the Oval Window of the Cochlea

35
Q

sound enters cochlea thorugh the

A

oval window

36
Q

how does sound travel through cochlea

A

it travels down the length of cochlea and turns the corner and comes back up the cochlea and end up at the round window.

propagate down and then back.

37
Q

what are the 3 compartments of cochlea

A

1 - travels down from oval window

3 - where it travels back to round window

2 - Organ of Corti - where sound is converted to neural signals

38
Q

function of cochlea’s hair cells and how they work

A

have cilia sticking out of them, they have ion channels that are triggered Mechanically.

sound causes hairs to sway, pulls on molecular connections (tiplinks) between hairs and pulls the gates on these channels open

ion flows into cell, causes change in membrane potential leading to action potentials

39
Q

the molecular connections between hair cells of cochlea are called

A

tiplinks

40
Q

ion channels of ear are _____ gated

A

mechanically

41
Q

top of hair cell is ___
bottom is ____

what is the input and output for these hair cells

A

top is specialized structure for converting sound

bottom has connections to neurons

sound is input, neural signals are the output

42
Q

the location of hair cells along the middle compartment of cochlea depends on ______ diff hair cells are used based on _____ of incoming sound

what parts relate to diff ranges of this _____

A

frequencies of sound

low freq - tip of cochlea

high freq - base of cochlea

humans voice is a mix of freq’s so diff parts are activated simultaneously

43
Q

where are the hair cells

A

in the middle of the cochelar tube - all throughout its length

44
Q

once hair cells send signals out - they are first

A

collected by the Axons of the Auditory Nerve

45
Q

once collected by the axons of the auditory nerve, waht brain part do these sound signals go to first

A

Cochlear Nuclei of the Medulla

46
Q

after sound signals start their brain journey at the cochlear nuclei of the Medulla - what 2 pons structures do they move through in what order

A

they are passed to the Superior Olivary Nucleus of the Pons,

then to the Lateral Lemniscus of Pons,

47
Q

after the sound signals mvoe through 2 areas of the pons - what are their next 3 locations

A

Midbrain

then Medial Geniculate Nucleus (thalamus)

arrives at Primary Auditory Cortex (temporal lobe)

48
Q

mechanoreceptors detect what 4 characteristics of the outside world

A

pressure
vibration
shape
texture

49
Q

where do different sensory cells enter the spinal cord

A

no set location - all over spinal cord

some skip spinal cord and are brought into the brain stem (face receptors)

50
Q

difference between sensory receptors and proprioception

A

proprioception sensory cells are deeper in body - muscles tendons joints, not on the skin

51
Q

what 2 mechanoreceptors are under the skin’s surface -what is the symbol associated with it

A

Meissner Corpuscles - A1

Merkel Cells - SA1

52
Q

what are the 2 mechanoreceptors that are deeper in the body

A

Pacinian Corpusles - RA2
Ruffini Endings - SA2

53
Q

what does SA vs RA mean
what does 1 vs 2 mean

A

SA - slow adapting, RA - faster adaption

1 - near surface
2 - deeper in body

54
Q

short explanation of how mechanoreceptors work

A

when a physical force is applied against the skin, that causes a signal in the nerve to travel down the axon and end up in Nervous System

55
Q

what are the stops on the somatosensory pathway

A

Receptors
Spinal Cord (usually)
Medulla
Ventral Posterior Nuclei (thalamus)
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

56
Q

what part of the thalamus is the stop for somatosensory nerves

A

Ventral Posterior Nuclei

57
Q

what lobe is the primary sensory cortex is

A

Parietal

58
Q

sensory adaption means

A

nervous system responds to a stimulus - always relative to the context in which the stimulus is occurring - not on an absolute scale.

59
Q

visual adaption example

A

As ambient light gets lighter, it starts taking a brighter stimulus to generate the same amount of neural responses.

60
Q

weber’s law quantifies ____. records the ___________

what is the rule in the equation

A

quantifies adaption
records the smallest change the sensory system can detect - the just noticeable difference

the amount of change necessary to be noticeable is Proportional to the Magnitude of Stimulus. constant fraction

61
Q

what do they mean when they say the adaption processes are not instant

A

takes us a second to adapt to abrupt changes

these adaptation processes are not instantaneous, at first bathroom light is blinding but in a minute that becomes the new baseline. Takes time for this adaptation to happen but it does.

62
Q

in the somatosensory adaptation phenomenon - SA is better for _____
Ra is better for ____

A

Slowly adapting ones are good for Weight

Rapid ones are better Texture

63
Q

receptive field of a neuron is defined as

A

the area of the sensory surface that that neuron responds to

64
Q

large RF = ___ resolution
small RF = ___ resolution

A

large rf = lower resolution
small rf = higher resolution

65
Q

why do higher order neurons (closer to final image) have ____ receptive fields

A

larger - info becomes aggregated together

66
Q

eccentricity measures

A

how far out to the edge of something you are

Receptive Fields get larger as we go from fovea out to periphery

67
Q

3 layers of retina, from conversion towards where the light enters

A

photoreceptors
bipolar cells
retinal ganglion cells

68
Q

one RGC receives input from one rod or bundles of rods

A

bundles of rods - shows how info gets aggregated even before it leaves the eye

69
Q

what kind of cells have an on centre off surround pattern

how does it work

A

retinal ganglion cells

if light falls in the ‘on center’ of the RF, the ganglion cell will fire more, but if light falls in the inhibitory ‘surround’ that causes the ganglion cell to fire less - still fires a little bit

It responds to light anywhere in the Receptive Field, but fires more or less depending on where the light is.

70
Q

what happens when light hits both the center and surround of the receptive field

A

doesn’t fire - they cancel each other out

71
Q

greatest response for the on centre off surround is when

A

greatest response is one where it is very light in centre and very dark in the surround

72
Q

how do we characterize rf’s in auditory systems

A

if we were tryna characterize the receptive field of a hair cell in cochlea, we would talk of which freq’s it responds to

73
Q

where are large and small rf’s on somatosensory neurons

A

receptive fields are small and packed closer together in parts like Fingertips and Face (feet mouth etc) - more sensitive to touch.

Larger RF and less closer packed in parts like the back.

2 point test

74
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A

when you touch someone the neurosn around htem are inhibited and the ones you touch fires - centre surround rf’s so you can tell where you have been touched

ch3 251 (21 decks)

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