Perception (incomplete) Flashcards
what is illusion
the effect of misinterpreting data
what are the three types of illusion
Geometric illusion
Ambiguous figures
Fictitious percepts
geometric illusion is when
the image displayed appears distorted
give an example of a geometric illusion
“the ponzo illusion”
when the top line looks longer than the bottom line but they are the same length this is an example of
geometric illusion “ponzo illusion”
ambigious figures is when
the image can be seen in multiple ways
An example of an ambigious figure is the
necker cube
give another example of an ambigious figure
the dress test
give another example of an ambigious figure
the duck/bunny, In reality both images can be seen. However, the brain tends to perceive first the image related to whichever cue hears first or whichever image is more familiar to.
how does culture play a role into perception
if we dake the duck/bunny example and put a bunch of easter eggs next to it while easter is also in ones culture, the brain would more likely see the bunny not the duck
fictitious percepts are
seeing something which is not actually there
what allow us to see things as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics are constantly
changing.
visual constancies
The ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant even if it appears to change through
movement is
shape constancy. For example we know an open door is still rectangular in shape even though from where we view it is distorted through perspective to color constancy.
shape constancy is one of the forms of
visual constancies
This is the ability to perceive the color of an object as constant even if it appears to change with changes in lighting for example, this is a form of
visual constancies
there are _ forms of visual constancies
2
our perceptual sense as much as our perceptions
are affected by what?
context
expectations
culture
previous experience
it is influenced by our emotions and motivations.
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the ___ rules are used for our minds to deal with stimuli by transforming it into something coherent.
gestalt rules
what are the 4 gestalt rules
grouping
similarity
continuity
connectedness
the image is an example of what gestalt rule
grouping
The principle of ____ (a gestalt rules) states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together.
similarity
the image is an example of which gestalt rule
similarity
what gestalt rules says that there is a tendency of people organizing visual elements into
unified wholes.
continuity
the image is an example of which gestalt rule
continuity
the image is an example of which gestalt rule
connectedness
the ability of our eyes and brain to add a third dimension or depth to everything we see is
Depth perception
depth cues are what allow us to
add to this third dimension
how many types of depth cues are there
5
list the types of depth cues
- Linear perspective.
- Two heights in plane.
- Relative Size.
- Superimposition/Overlap.
- Texture gradients
When parallel lines appear to converge. Come together at a distant point, this is what type of perception
linear perception
this image is an example of
linear perception
If an image is higher to the eye it is often seen as
being further away than objects to the lower. This is
two heights in plane
this image is
two heights in plane
When we expect things to be the same size and they are not we interpret this as meaning that they are further away.
relative size
the image is
relative size depth cue
When we can’t see the whole of an object we assume that there is something in front of it allowing us to interpret it as further away this is
Superimposition/Overlap.
what depth cue is it where we can see the details of objects that are close but the detail fades the further away it is
texture gradient
What is The Constructivists Theory
This theory says that we construct our perception of the world based not only on what we see in front of us but also on our past experiences.This supports the idea of top-down processing. This is when perception mainly
has to do with what we expect to see. The notion of perceiving something based on expectation is called perceptual set.
What are the two things that demonstrate perceptual set in processing
- expectations
- motivations
example of expectations
example of motivations
what are the main criticisms of this theory
if perception is based on personal
experiences then,
(a) Why do we perceive things the same way?
(b) If perception requires experience, then how do we explain a newborn baby’s ability to perceive the world?
(c) The effects of illusions goes against the constructivist theory. For example if we use our experiences to build perception then why do we fall for the same illusions time and time again?
the theory that states that perception is a result of bottom-up processing. This means that perception is immediate or direct is the
nativists theory
We perceive the world as it is seen in front of us. It is not based on expectations or misinterpretation.
The role of the mind is simply to analyze the information coming in through our eyes. which theory is this
nativists theory
what theory does this example relate to
nativists theory
