13. Attachment 1

Question 1

1. List Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
   (from most important to least important)

Answer 1

1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love and Belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self Actualisation

Question 2

2. What are some examples of Physiological Needs?

Answer 2

• breathing
• food
• water
• sex
• sleep
• homeostasis
• excretion

Question 3

3. What are some examples of Safety Needs?

Answer 3

• security of body
• security of employment
• security of resources
• security of mortality
• security of family
• security of health
• security of property

Question 4

4. What are some examples of Love and Belonging needs?

Answer 4

• friendship
• family
• sexual intimacy

Question 5

5. What are some examples of Esteem needs?

Answer 5

• Self Esteem
• confidence
• achievement
• respect of others
• respect by others

Question 6

6. What are some examples of Self Actualisation needs?

Answer 6

• morality
• creativity
• spontaneity
• problem solving
• lack of prejudice
• acceptance of facts

Question 7

7. What are three broad categories of Basic Needs?

Answer 7

1. Physical Care
2. Stimulation
3. Interpersonal Stimulation

Question 8

8. What are some examples of Physical Needs?

Answer 8

• warmth
• food
• protection from physical harm

Question 9

9. What are some examples of of Stimulation?

Answer 9

• motor stimulation
• sensory stimulation
• a gross deprivation of these may lead to permanent damage

Question 10

10. Who are two men who did early research on Attachment?

Answer 10

1. John Bowlby
2. Rene Spitz

• they started this research post World War II

Question 11

11. What can you tell me about John Bowlby?

Answer 11

• he was born on the 26 February 1907
• he was born in London
• he died on the 2 September 1990
• he was 83 years old
• he was a British Psychiatrist
• his early work was influenced by Sigmund Freud,
  Melanie Klein and Konrad Lorenz

Question 12

12. What was John Bowlby’s research focused on?

Answer 12

• he coined the term “attachment”
• his key idea was the attachment theory
• he worked with homeless children in post-war
  Europe

Question 13

13. How did John Bowlby describe attachment?

Answer 13

• he described it as a lasting psychological
  connectedness between human beings

Question 14

14. Which view did John Bowlby share?

Answer 14

• a Psychoanalytic view
• he believed that early experiences in childhood
  have an important influence on development
• and on behaviour later in life

Question 15

15. According to John Bowlby, who are early attachment styles established between?

Answer 15

• they are established between the infant and the
  caregiver
• they are established in childhood

Question 16

16. How is attachment defined?

Answer 16

• it is defined as a unique emotional bond
• between a carer and a child
• it involves the exchange of:
  - comfort
  - care
  - pleasure

Question 17

17. John Bowlby believed that attachment had a basis in what?

Answer 17

• evolution

Question 18

18. What did John Bowlby say are the basic components of human nature?

Answer 18

• making strong emotional bonds to particular individuals

Question 19

19. What are the four main aspects of John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory?

Answer 19

1. Humans have a need for relating to particular
   other people throughout life
2. Biologically determined behaviours in infants are
   shaped by experience
3. The loss of an attachment figure in young children
   can lead to: protest, despair and detachment
4. The loss of an attachment figure at any time in life
   leads to a grief reaction

Question 20

20. What are two main points that Attachment is based on?

Answer 20

1. It is based on the assumption of safety as an
   evolutionary driving factor
2. It is based on the premise that an increase in
   safety leads to an increase in survivability

Question 21

21. What do immature animals tend to do when they face a threat?

Answer 21

• they run
• they seek a place of safety

Question 22

22. What do higher mammals tend to do when they face a threat?

Answer 22

• they tend to seek an adult protector
  (usually a mother)

Question 23

23. Do infants just form attachments to their mothers?

Answer 23

• no
• even though mother’s are usually the primary attachment figure
• infants will form attachments with any caregiver who is responsive and sensitive

Question 24

24. According to John Bowlby, what are the four major characteristics of attachment?

Answer 24

1. Proximity Maintenance
2. Safe Haven
3. Secure Base
4. Separation Distress

Question 25

25. What is Proximity Maintenance?

Answer 25

• it is the desire to be near the people that we are attached to

Question 26

26. What is a Safe Haven?

Answer 26

• it is the returning to an attachment figure for
  comfort and safety
• this is done when in the face of fear or threat

Question 27

27. What is a Secure Base?

Answer 27

• it is when the attachment figure acts as a base of security
• the child can explore the surrounding environment from this base

Question 28

28. What is Separation Distress?

Answer 28

• it is the anxiety that occurs in the absence of an attachment figure

Question 29

29. What does the Attachment Behaviour System serve as?

Answer 29

• it serves to maintain closer proximity to the attachment figure

Question 30

30. How many phases are there to the Attachment Behaviour System?

Answer 30

1. 1st Phase
   (8 weeks)
2. 2nd Phase
   (2 months - 6 months)
3. 3rd Phase
   (6 months - 2 years)

Question 31

31. What is the 1st Phase (8 weeks)?

Answer 31

• the infant’s behaviour is directed towards anyone in the vicinity

Question 32

32. What is the 2nd Phase (2 months - 6 months)?

Answer 32

• the infant is responsive toward the caregiver

Question 33

33. What is the 3rd Phase (6 months - 2 years)?

Answer 33

• there is organised behaviour towards the caregiver
• there is a goal to achieve security

Question 34

34. What does Infant Attachment Behaviour develop from?

Answer 34

• genetically determined behaviours
• these behaviours are shaped by experiences with caregivers in the 1st year of life

Question 35

35. What are some examples of genetically determined behaviours?

Answer 35

• crying
• rooting
• grasping
• following
• clinging

Question 36

36. What are the three main types of Attachment Behaviour?

Answer 36

1. Signalling Behaviour
   (smile, vocal, laugh)
2. Aversive Behaviour
   (crying)
3. Active Behaviour
   (crawling, shadowing attachment figures)

Question 37

37. What are the benefits of Attachment Behaviour?

Answer 37

• protection
• safety
• food
• resources
• social interaction
• stimulation

Question 38

38. What are some Triggering Events for Attachment Behaviour and Emotions?

Answer 38

• situations for anxiety and distress
  (EG: conflict)
• fear
• social difficulties
• threats to the carers availability
  (EG: Responsiveness)

Question 39

39. Where can the Trigger sites originate from?

Answer 39

1. Within the child
   (EG: hurt, tired, hungry)
2. Within the Environment
   (EG: frightening, confusing, threatening event)
3. Within the Attachment Figure
   (EG: uncertain location, uncertain behaviour,
   hostility, abusiveness, rejection)

Question 40

40. What kind of behaviour do Triggers require from the Primary Carer?

Answer 40

• sensitive
• accepting
• co-operative
• accessible
• available

Question 41

41. How many attachment figures do Children usually have?

Answer 41

• they can have several attachment figures
• one or two are usually preferred

Question 42

42. What does the Internal Working Model of Social Relationships suggest?

Answer 42

• early experiences with caregivers gradually give rise to a system
• this system consists of:
  - thoughts
  - memories
  - beliefs
  - expectations
  - emotions
  - behaviours
• these are all about self and others