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MED 104- Medical Psychology > 6. Memory > Flashcards

6. Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory

A

It is learning that we retain over a long period of time the actual definition is “an information processing system that works constructively to encode, store and retrieve info.”

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2
Q

what’s are the three key memory processes

A

Encoding - storage - retrieval

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3
Q

Why may one forget something

A

If they fail any of the 3 of the key memory processes

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4
Q

What are the three major stages of memory

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory or working memory
Long term memory

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5
Q

How do the three stages/types of memory differ for each other

A

Capacity- how much info can be stored in each
Duration- how long info can be stored in each
Function- what is done with the info stored in each

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6
Q

What is sensory input

A

Everything we see hear taste and smell

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7
Q

What happens after sensory input takes place

A

Encoding, changing what we sensed into a format out brain can interpret

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8
Q

All sensory input/ input that is encoded goes to our

A

Sensory memory or sensory storage, info stays there for only two seconds unless given attention

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9
Q

What is the function of sensory memory/ store

A

It holds info long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics like smelling cake and identifying that its cake

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10
Q

What is the capacity and duration of sensory memory?

A

Capacity? Large, can hold many items at once

Duration? Very short/ brief ( milli seconds or seconds)
- iconic memory (visual info): 250 ms
- echoing memory (auditory info): 3s

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11
Q

Again what goes into and is encoded into our sensory memory?

A

Sensory input

Sensory input —> sensory memory

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12
Q

To form sensory memory attention or interpretation is ___ needed

A

Not

It is ONLY needed to transfer to info to actual working memory when being used again

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13
Q

There is a separate register of memory for each sense in the sensory memory/store stage, they are

A

Iconic memory- eye (visual)
Echoing memory- ear (auditory)
Tactile memory- touch
Olfactory memory- smell
Gustatory memory- taste

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14
Q

Images take take form of nerve impulses at ____ memory

A

Sensory memory

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15
Q

What is the separate register of memory for the sense of seeing

A

Iconic memory

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16
Q

What is the separate register of memory for the sense of hearing

A

Echoing memory

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17
Q

What is the separate register of memory for the sense of touch

A

Tactile memory

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18
Q

What is the separate register of memory for the sense of smelling

A

Olfactory memory

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19
Q

What is the separate register of memory for the sense of tasting

A

Gustatory memory

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20
Q

Considering the information in sensory memory is given much attention it will then go to your

A

Short term memory

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21
Q

In order to keep info in our short term memory we must

A

Repeat and practice it and this is known as rehearsal/ maintenance rehearsal

22
Q

What’s another term for short term memory STM used nowadays-

A

Working memory

23
Q

What are the three components of STM

A
  • central executive: this is basically attention
  • Phonological loop: holds info given in a speech-based form
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad: holds visual and spatial information
24
Q

Explain Function capacity and duration of STM or working memory

A

Function: conscious processing of info meaning its where info is actively worked on/ “maintenance rehearsal”

Capacity- limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items at a time)
Duration- brief storage (20 seconds)
If maintenance rehearsal is not used, memory in STM decays quickly

STM is often based on sound or speech even with visual inputs

25
Q

What is the petersons STM task

A

It’s a test used for memory. Using 3 letter nonsense syllables that participants must remember after counting backwards for a few seconds then recalling.

Without rehearsal the memory of these letters fades because without rehearsal things leave our STM

26
Q

Ways to improve STM

A

“Chunking”

This is when you group small buts of info into larger units of info, therefore the capacity decreases in a way

For example: you remember the numbers 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 in the form of 483 792 and 516 (chunking into groups of 3)

27
Q

Once rehearsed the info enters/ is encoded into your Long term memory LTM

A

note that rehearsal is different than maintenance rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal is to keep info in the STM, rehearsal is enough rehearsal to move it to the LTM

28
Q

Explain LTM capacity and duration

A

Capacity: Unlimited
Duration: unlimited

29
Q

What is the percentage of info in the STM that reaches the LTM

A

25%

30
Q

In order to remember smth from our LTM we must retrieve it and bring it back to our

A

STM (the working station) where it is can be outputted

31
Q

Summarize the movement of memory in the three stages

A

Info is sensory inputted into our sensory memory/store, this has a large capacity however short duration of remembrance. Info sits there unless given much attention where it is moved to the STM (longer duration than the sensory memory however a smaller capacity of only 7 +/- 2). In order to stay here maintenance rehearsal is done, however once enough rehearsal is done, info is encoded/moved to the LTM. This stage has unlimited capacity and duration of info however in order to output that input it must retrieve it from the LTM then go back into the STM where it is outputted.

32
Q

Function of LTM

A

Organisms and stores info (more passive form of storage than working memory/ STM)

33
Q

When asked what encoding vs retrieval is

A

Encoding: Process that controls movement from STM memory to LTM storage (getting info in)
‘
Retrieval: process that controls flow of info from LTM to the STM (getting info out)

34
Q

What is primacy- the recency effect

A

It explains that When presented lots of info in serial order, we tend to remember more from the beginning and end of the list at the expense of the intermediate terms

35
Q

Think of encoding as a calendar (basic form of memory)

A

When something is encoded it is not exactly represented. You’ll remember u received a letter from your friend regarding a party this weekend but you wont remember the exact wording of that letter.

36
Q

When we use encoding to store info into the LTM this is known as

A

Consolidation

  • involves structural change: when using encoding to store memory in the LTM, the pattern of neural pathways are changed

The strengthening of synapses takes placed this is called long term potentiation and is the cellular foundation for memory

37
Q

Research I done on consolidation (how to induce the LTM) is useful in ____ treatment

A

Dementia

38
Q

The receptor found in research to see how greater memory storage/ LTP is known as

A

NMDA, a ionotropic glutamate receptor

39
Q

Consolidation required metabolic activity for ___/____ after the stimulus has been presented

A

Minuted/hours

40
Q

Info in the STM/ WM are prone to ____

A

Interference because it needs maintenance/ repeated rehearsal to stay there

41
Q

What are the two types of interference that happen in STM

A
  • retroactive interference
    New info interferes with old info
    For example ur trying to remember ur new phone number but ur old number gets in the way or finding it hard to go back to manual driving because the habits of just learning automatic driving get in the way
  • proactive interference
    Old info interferes with the recall of new info
    For example: mistakingly giving your old phone number instead of your new one or attempting to change gears manually (u drive manual ur whole life) in a newly bought automatic car
42
Q

Retrieval of info in ur LTM requires

A

Cue: prompt, reminder, question (otherwise we would be thinking about everything in our LTM at all times)

A good filling system: mnemonics (making something personally relevant to you and ur more likely to remember it

We know the info in out STM can be affected by interference but so can the info when undergoing Retrieval in the LTM both proactively and retroactively

43
Q

List the four factors affecting retrieval

A

Interference

Levels of processing: the more smth is elaborated/ giving attention during encoding the easier it will be to retrieve (repetition is important in memory)

Organization: organizing different concepts in memory

Context: being in the same place or emotional state Asia’s the time of encoding facilitates recall. (State dependent memory)

44
Q

List the types of long term memory

A

Episodic memory (autobiographical)
Semantic memory
Declarative
Procedural
Prospective

45
Q

Types of memory:

A

Sensory memory
STM
Working memory
Long term memory
- Episodic memory (autobiographical)
- Semantic memory
- Declarative
- Procedural
- Prospective

46
Q

What is episodic LTM

A

It stores every event/fact that you have been involved in. If you haven’t been involved in it will not be stored as autobiographical memory. The other interesting feature of episodic or autobiographical memory is that we are designed to be preferentially more likely to remember that information.

Think episode of ur life, uve been involved so u remember

47
Q

Brain damage leads to one losing their ____ memory the most

A

Episodic

48
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Memory of facts about the world. This is a pc, this a desk
this is a chair, London is the capital of UK is London etc..

49
Q

What is declarative memory

A

is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or “declared”). It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved.

50
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Memory for procedures, driving a car, tying a shoe lace

51
Q

What is prospective memory

A

Memory for the things u will do in the future/ have planned. Buying milk after leaving work, putting gas in ur car on ur way home tonight.

MED 104- Medical Psychology (24 decks)

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