17. Emotions, Stress, And Illness Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What do patients sometimes relate their illness with?
A
  • stress in their lives
  • they believe that they have been under a certain amount of pressure in their lives
    (either at home or at work)
  • they believe this has affected them mentally and
    physically
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2
Q
  1. What is Stress?
A
  • stress is a reflection of an incompatibility between the individual and their environment
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3
Q
  1. When we look at stress as a Stimulus, what is the stimulus-based approach concerned with?
A
  • identifying aspects of the environment which have an adverse effect on the individual
  • ADVERSE= harmful
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4
Q
  1. How does the Stress as a Stimulus (Stimulus-Based) response equate stress to?
A
  • it equates stress to inanimate objects
  • it concerns itself with identifying stressful situations
  • and determining how and why they have harmful effects on psychological and physiological processes
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5
Q
  1. What are the issues with the Stress as a Stimulus (Stimulus- based approach)?
A
  • particular situations are not inherently stressful
  • this is because there are variations in the effects that the
    environmental stressors have on people
  • this means that there are large differences in the
    individuals responses to the environment
  • this approach does not account for the variations
    amongst individual responses
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6
Q
  1. What are some conditions that are caused by Stress?
A
  • PTSD
  • Schizophrenia
  • Divorce
  • Anxiety
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7
Q
  1. What does the Stress as a Response Method refer to?
A
  • it refers to stress being seen as a response to an adverse or stressful situation
  • this method has a three stage process
  • this is called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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8
Q
  1. What are the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
A
  1. Initial Alarm Reaction Stage
  2. Resistance Stage
    • this represents the functional recovery to a lever
    • this lever is superior to the pre stressor level
  3. Exhaustion
    • there will be a depletion if the stressor continues
    • a breakdown will follow
    • the recovery process is activated in the previous two
      stages
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9
Q
  1. What is the issue with the Stress as a Response (Stressor) Method?
A
  • it is too inflexible
  • it is mechanistic
  • it views the stress response as non specific
  • it views it as automatic to all stressors
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10
Q
  1. What does the view of stress as both a stimulus and a response maintain?

(this Stress as a Perceived Thread theory was proposed by Lazarus in 1976)

A
  • it maintains that stress occurs when there are demands
    on an individual
  • and the individual cannot cope or adapt to it
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11
Q
  1. With the Stress as a Perceived Thread Method, what is stress NOT associated with?
A
  • the stress is not associated with a specific stimulus or a specific response
  • stress arises when an individual perceives and evaluates a situation as threatening
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12
Q
  1. What is the evaluation of a situation as threatening based on?
A
  • the evaluation is based on an assessment of the demands of a situation
  • as well as the individual’s capacity or coping mechanisms when dealing with these demands
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13
Q
  1. What factor results in variations amongst the individuals responses to stressors?
A
  • the evaluation of the situation by the individual
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14
Q
  1. Why is the adrenal gland important?
A
  • the adrenal gland plays a central role
  • it regulates the responses of an animal to the threats or demands imposed on it
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15
Q
  1. What is the Initial response to stress brought about by in animals?
A
  • it is brought about by an increased activity of the sympathetic system
  • this acts in conjunction with the secretions of catecholamine
  • this is done in the adrenal medulla
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16
Q
  1. What is this Initial Response to a stress referred to as?
A
  • the emergency reactions
  • the alarm reactions

NB: a minor stressor means that there is no further reaction

17
Q
  1. What is the result of the initial stressor continues to persist or becomes more intense?
A
  • the response system that involves the adrenal cortex will become increasingly involved with the hypothalamus
  • this will release a series of hormones
18
Q
  1. What does the Initial Alarm and Shock State result in?
A
  • endocrine responses
  • physiological responses
19
Q
  1. What are coping strategies activated by?
A
  • an individuals attempt to find a way of dealing with a harmful or unpleasant situation
20
Q
  1. What causes alarm reactions and anxiety to subside?
A
  • successful coping strategies
21
Q
  1. What happens if the coping strategies fail?
A
  • the stressor will continue to affect the individual’s behaviour
  • the following will occur:
    - a range of psychological reactions
    - depression
    - withdrawal
22
Q
  1. What are some factors that mediate responses to stress?
A
  • prior experience
  • information
  • individual differences
  • perceived control
  • social support
23
Q
  1. What are some Psychosocial factors that can lead to stress?
A
  • social class
  • occupational factors
  • life style