11. Intellegence And Psychometric Assesment Flashcards
1
Q
- What is Intelligence?
A
- it is a hypothetical mental ability
- it enables people to direct their thinking
- to adapt to their circumstances
- to learn from their experiences
2
Q
- Who is responsible for the Theory of Hereditary Genius (in 1869)?
A
- Francis Galton
3
Q
- What is the Theory of Hereditary Genius?
A
- it is a theory about the variation in the ability of individuals within a population
- variations are inherited
- nature vs nurture
- this was the first theory to use questionnaire assessments
4
Q
- What did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon identify?
A
- they identified the typical intelligence associated with each age
- they developed an intelligence scale
- they established mental age
- they developed norms for age
5
Q
- What are the Norms for Age?
A
- they establish standards, expectations and tasks
- these were expected to be performed by children in different ages
6
Q
- What are Norms associated with?
A
- Chronological Age
7
Q
- How are Norms (with regards to Chronological Age) originally calculated?
A
- (mental age / chronological age) x 100
NB: this is also how to calculate IQ
8
Q
- What does IQ stand for?
A
- Intelligence Quotient
9
Q
- What is an IQ?
A
- it is the index of intelligence
- it is derived from scoring intelligence tests
10
Q
- How is IQ calculated in modern times?
A
- it is calculated using percentile rankings
- these rankings are then converted to equivalent IQ scores
- they are then projected onto a normal distribution curve
11
Q
- Which notion was Charles Spearman responsible for? (in 1940)
A
- the notion of underlying general intelligence (g)
- this is a two factor theory of intelligence
- they are special factors and abilities that are measured
- the performance is dependent on all tests that
focus on:- general intelligence
- special factors and abilities
12
Q
- What was Catell responsible for in 1971?
A
- crystallised intelligence (gc)
- fluid intelligence (gf)
13
Q
- What was Howard Gardener’s theory with regards to intelligence (in 1993)?
A
- he had more modern theories
- he believed that there Multiple Intelligences
- he stated that individuals have higher intelligence
potentials in specific areas - rather than a general underlying intelligence
14
Q
- What are the 7 types of Multiple Intelligences?
A
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Logical/Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily-Kinaesthetic
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
15
Q
- What does performance with Intellectual Tasks correlate with?
A
- the performance in other tasks
- this becomes stable over time
- the consistency between intelligence tests means that there is an underlying level of general intelligence (g factor)
16
Q
- What aspects does Intelligence involve?
A
- the ability to think
- the ability to solve problems
- the ability to analyse situations
- the ability to understand social values
- the ability to understand customs and norms
17
Q
- What are the two main forms of Intelligence involved in most intelligence assessments?
A
- Verbal Intelligence
- the ability to comprehend and solve language
based problems
- the ability to comprehend and solve language
- Non- Verbal Intelligence
- the ability to understand and solve visual and
spatial problems
- the ability to understand and solve visual and
18
Q
- What is the name of a popular Intelligence test that focuses on both Verbal and Non-Verbal Intelligence?
A
- the Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Adults
(Fourth Edition)
(WAIS-IV) - it consists of two categories:
- Verbal Subtests
- Performance Subtests
19
Q
- What are 7 types of Verbal Subtests?
A
- Vocabulary
- Similarities
- Arithmetic
- Digit Span
- Information
- Comprehension
- Letter-Number Sequencing
20
Q
- What are the 7 types of Performance Subtests?
A
- Picture Completion
- Digit Symbol Coding
- Block Design
- Matrix Reasoning
- Picture Arrangement
- Symbol Search
- Object Assembly
21
Q
- What do Vocabulary Tests consist of?
A
- listening carefully
- telling the examiner what each word means
22
Q
- What is an example of a Similarities test?
A
- EG: in what way are food and petrol alike
23
Q
- What is an example of Perceptual Reasoning?
A
24
Q
- What does the Digit Span test examine?
A
- it examines auditory attention span
25
Q
- What is this?
A
- this is the Bell Shaped IQ Curve
26
Q
- Where does 95% of the population fall within the Bell Curve?
A
- within 2 Standard Deviations of the mean
- this means they have an IQ of between 70 to 130
27
Q
- Where does 68% of the population fall within the Bell Curve?
A
- within one Standard Deviation of the mean
- 2/3 of the population fall within this standard
deviation
28
Q
- What is the average for the population with regards to the Bell Curve?
A
- it is considered to be within one standard deviation
from the mean - this means that it lies between an IQ of 85 and 115
29
Q
- What is the IQ associated with the following titles:
29.1: Very Superior
29.2: Superior
29.3: High Average
29.4: Average
29.5: Low Average
29,6: Borderline
A
29.1: IQ greater than 130
29.2: IQ of 120 -129
29.3: IQ of 110 - 119
29.4: IQ of 90 - 109
29.5: IQ of 80 - 89
29.6: IQ of 70 - 79
30
Q
- What is the IQ associated with the following titles:
30.1: Mild
30.2: Moderate
30.3: Severe
30.4: Profound
A
30.1: IQ of 55 - 70
30.2: IQ of 40 - 54
30.3: IQ of 25 - 39
30.4: IQ of less than 25
31
Q
- What IQ is classified as a Learning Disability?
A
- any IQ less than 70
32
Q
- Name some common Intelligence Tests.
A
- WAIS
- WASI
- WISC
- WPPSI
- Raven’s Progressive Matrices
(non-verbal) - Cattell’s Culture Fair IQ Test
- National Adult Reading Test (NART)
- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
33
Q
- What is this test an example of?
A
- Raven’s Progressive Matrices
- a non-verbal test
34
Q
- What are six Clinical Uses of IQ tests?
A
- Diagnosing and Quantifying the extent of Learning
Disabilities - Diagnosing and Characterising specific learning
difficulties - Assessing Intellectual Impairment following Trauma
- Assessing Intellectual Impairment associated with medical problems or disease processes
- Assessing Intellectual capabilities in genetic or developmental disorders
- Assessing the suitability of particular occupations or educational opportunities
35
Q
- What are examples of learning abilities and specific learning disabilities that are diagnosed by IQ tests?
A
- dyslexia
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- dyscalculia
- dysgraphia
36
Q
- What are examples of trauma that cause intellectual impairments?
A
- head injury
- stroke
- poisoning
37
Q
- Which medical problems and diseases can lead to intellectual impairments?
A
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Dementia
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Psychosis
38
Q
- What are examples of genetic or developmental disorders?
A
- Down Syndrome
- Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
39
Q
- What are some external influences on IQ test scores?
A
- familiarity with particular concepts and materials in
the test - motivation to do well
- distraction
- the administration of the test
- sensory problems
- cultural issues
(language challenges, differences in world view)
40
Q
- What are some internal influences on IQ test scores?
A
- emotional state
( anxiety, depression, bereavement) - physical illnesses
- mental illnesses
(psychosis, schizophrenia)
41
Q
- Do IQ tests aim to reduce or propagate sex differences?
A
- reduce
42
Q
- In which tasks do males usually perform better in?
A
- performance tasks
43
Q
- In which tasks do females usually perform better in?
A
- verbal tasks
44
Q
- Do male or female scores on IQ tests have greater variation?
A
- Male scores
- they are more spread out
- they have larger extremities at either end
- female scores tend to cluster around a mean
45
Q
- What are lower IQ scores at a younger age associated with later on in life?
A
- mortality
- a higher chance of developing lung cancer
- more likely to experience psychiatric illnesses or
dementia
46
Q
- What is Heretability?
A
- the proportion of variation in intelligence
- it is attributed to the genetic variation in a population
47
Q
- What are some Environmental Influences on Intelligence?
A
- poor childhood nutrition
- exposure to environmental toxins
(lead and mercury) - exposure to certain drugs in utero
(alcohol, cocaine) - lack of exposure to an intellectually stimulating
environment in childhood - neurological injury or disease
- genetic disorders affecting brain development
48
Q
- Children with which kind of diet were seen to have higher full-scale IQ, verbal IQ and better memory performance?
A
- high fruit consumption
- high vegetable consumption
- many home cooked meals
49
Q
- What is high childhood IQ associated with?
A
- fewer adult hospital admissions for injuries and assaults
- more likely to become vegetarian in adulthood
- less likely to smoke
- less likely to become obese
- lower morbidity and mortality
- less prevalent PTSD
- less prevalent severe depression
- less prevalent schizophrenia
50
Q
- What is lower childhood IQ associated with?
A
- lower socio economic status
- increased chance of hospitalisation due to violent assault
- incarceration
- early death