5. Perception (complete) Flashcards
1
Q
- What is Perception?
A
- it is a process
- this process allows us to give meaning to the information provided by our senses
- this is what allows us to experience the world around us
- it is what makes life understandable
2
Q
- Provide a concise definition for Perception.
A
- it is our most prominent action control device
3
Q
- Which organ does all the work of Perception?
A
- the brain
- what we see is the realm of the mind
NOT the eye
4
Q
- Which structures of the human body feeds raw data to the brain?
A
- eyes
- ears
- all other senses
5
Q
- What is an illusion?
A
- it is the effect of misinterpreting data
6
Q
- What are the three types of illusion?
A
- Geometric Illusion
- Ambiguous Figures
- Fictitious Percepts
7
Q
- What is Geometric Illusion?
A
- this is when the image displayed appears distorted
8
Q
- How is this an example of a Geometric Illusion?
A
- this is the Ponzo Illusion
- the top line looks longer than the bottom line
- EVEN THOUGH they are the exact same length
9
Q
- What is Ambiguous Figures?
A
- this is when an image can be seen in more than one way
10
Q
- What is an example of Ambiguous figures?
A
- the Necker Cube
11
Q
- What allows us to either see a duck or a bunny?
A
- both images can be seen
- THE FIRST PERCEPTION OF THE IMAGE:
- is related to whichever cue the brain hears first
- or whichever image is more familiar to the brain
12
Q
- What set theory is Expectations a part of?
A
- Perpetual Set Theory
13
Q
- What does Perpetual Set Theory teach us?
A
- believing is a result of:
- seeing the image
- seeing the context in which the image is presented
14
Q
- What is any decision about what we see influenced by?
A
- cultural normalities and beliefs
- culture plays an important role in perception
15
Q
- What is Fictitious?
A
- it is seeing something which is not actually there
16
Q
- What is an example of Fictitious?
A
17
Q
- What are Visual Constancies?
A
- they allow us to see things as remaining the same
- even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing
18
Q
- What is Shape Consistency?
A
- the ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant
- even if it appears to change through movement
19
Q
- What is an example of Visual/Shape consistency?
A
- an open door
- it is still rectangular in shape
- even though it is distorted through perspective to colour constancy
- based on where we view it from
20
Q
- What is Colour Constancy?
A
- the ability to perceive the colour of an object as constant
- even if it appears to change with changes in lighting
21
Q
- What are 6 factors that affect our perceptual sense?
A
- context
- explanations
- culture
- previous experience
- emotions
- motivations
22
Q
- What does an individual’s perceptual set lead to?
A
- reasonable conclusions
- HOWEVER, they can be misleading
23
Q
- What are the 4 Gestalt Rules?
A
- Grouping
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Connectedness
24
Q
- What is Form Perception?
A
- it is a figure-ground relationship
- it is how we organise and simplify whatever scene we are looking at
- we simplify and organise it into the main objects or figures
- and into the surroundings or ground that they stand against
(SIMILAR PRINCIPLES APPLY TO NON-VISUAL FIELDS AS WELL: the cocktail party effect)
25
Q
- What are the Gestalt rules?
A
- it is how our mind deals with all of the stimuli that we are bombarded with
- it transforms it into something coherent by following these rules
26
Q
- What is Grouping?
A
- Perceptual grouping occurs when we are perceptually putting parts together into a whole.
- You may see columns composed of dots
- However, there are only dots
- the columnar structure is just in your mind
- The human brain groups the dots together to perceive a coherent whole
(the columns in this case)
27
Q
- What is Similarity?
A
- it is a principle that states that things which share visual characteristics
- will be seen as belonging together
- EXAMPLES OF VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
- shape
- size
- colour
- texture
- value
- orientation
28
Q
- What is Continuity?
A
- the tendency of people to organise visual elements into unified wholes
29
Q
- What is Connectedness?
A
- connectedness is when we see connections in disjointed objects
30
Q
- What is Depth Perception?
A
- the ability that our eyes and brain have
- it adds a third dimension or depth to everything we see
31
Q
- What allows our eyes and brain to experience Depth Perception?
A
- depth cues
32
Q
- What are the five Depth Cues?
A
- Linear Perspective
- Two heights in a plane
- Relative Size
- Superimposition/Overlap
- Texture Gradients
33
Q
- What is Linear Perspective?
A
- the parallel lines appear to converge
- they come together at a distant point
34
Q
- What is two height in a plane?
A
- if an image is higher to the eye
- then it is often seen as being further away than objects that are in the lower part of the plane
35
Q
- What is Relative Size?
A
- when we expect things to be the same size
- and they are not
- then we interpret this as meaning that they are further away
36
Q
- What is Superimposition/Overlap?
A
- this is when we cannot see the whole of an object
- so we assume that there is something in front of it
- this allows us to interpret it as further away
37
Q
- What does the Constructivist Theory state?
A
- we construct our perception of the world based on:
- what we see in front of us
- our past experiences
38
Q
- What does the Constructivist Theory support?
A
- the idea of top-down processing
39
Q
- What is Top-Down processing?
A
- perception mainly has to do with what we expect to see
40
Q
- What is the Perpetual Set?
A
- the notion of perceiving something based on expectation
41
Q
- Present two examples that demonstrate the perpetual set in processing.
A
- Expectations
- Motivations
42
Q
- What is an example of Expectations?
A
- reading jumbled up words
43
Q
- What is an example of Motivations?
A
- the TV example
- this form of perception extends down into the preconscious processing of stimuli in the visual environment
- it guides what the visual system presents to conscious awareness
44
Q
- What are the main criticisms of the Constructivist Theory?
A
If perception is based on personal experiences:
- why do we perceive things the same way?
If perception requires experience:
- how do we explain a new born baby’s ability to
perceive the world
The effect of illusions goes against the Constructivist Theory:
- if we use our experiences to build perception
- why do we fall for the same illusions over and over
again
45
Q
- What is the Nativists Theory?
A
- it states that perception is a result of Bottom-Up processing
- this means that perception is immediate
- this means that perception can also be direct
- we perceive the world as it is seen in front of us
- it is not based on expectations or misinterpretation
- the role of the mind is simply to analyse the information coming in through our eyes
46
Q
- What is an example of the Nativists Theory?
A
If you are looking at a tennis court:
- you know where the ball or the player is
immediately by looking at them
- this explains how we perceive what's going on around us so quickly - this explains why we see things in the same way
47
Q
- Why do we all perceive things in a similar way?
A
- we have all evolved the same
