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MED 104- Medical Psychology > 3. Brain Mechanisms And Behaviour I & II > Flashcards

3. Brain Mechanisms And Behaviour I & II Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological psychology is the study of

A

The physiological bases of behaviour

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2
Q

The nervous system is divided into the

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of

A

Sensory division and motor division

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5
Q

The motor division is divided into the

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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6
Q

The autonomic nervous system (1 of the two parts of motor division which is one of the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system) is divided into

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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7
Q

Draw nervous system diagram and check which picture to see if correct

A
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8
Q

The brain is divided into a number of parts, looking at the brain from the top you see the

A

Cerebrum (we can only see this looking from the top)

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9
Q

The cerebrum is divided into a

A

Left and right half

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10
Q

These half’s are called

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

Structures based on the developing structures of the brain developing in the embryo

A

Fore brain - prosencephalon
Mid brain - mesencephalon
Hind brain - rhombencephalon

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12
Q

In a developed brain the cerebrum used to be the

A

Prosencephalon (fore brain)

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13
Q

In a developed brain the mid brain used to be the

A

Mesencephalon (also mid brain in past)

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14
Q

In a developed brain the rest of the brain (pons, medulla, cerebellum) used to be the

A

Rhombencephalon (hind brain)

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15
Q

The prosencephalon is divided into the

A

(think going downwards 3 2 1, telen as tri, dien as di)

Telencephalons - cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon- all the thalamus’s: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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16
Q

The mesencephalon (mid brain) has no subdivisions however it contains the

A

Corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, cerebrum puduncles

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17
Q

The rhombencephalon is divided into the

A

(think going downwards again 3 and 2 are done now we go to 1, think mono relate to meten and myelen)

Metencephalon- pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon- medulla oblongata

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18
Q

The previous parts of the nervous system make up most of the

A

central nervous system (brain and spine)

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19
Q

Neurons like any other cells contains several

A

Organelles

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20
Q
A

Remember these

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21
Q

What distinguishes a neutron from other cells is its shape. From a neurons central body (soma) what are the small fibers coming out?

A

Axon
Dendrites
Terminal buttons or presynaptic end

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22
Q

The presynaptic end is found on the end of the

A

Axon

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23
Q

The presynaptic end is where the

A

Axon releases chemical substances through synapsis

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24
Q

The terminal buttons of one neutron come into contact to the ____ of another neuron, then substance release takes place after the terminal buttons link with the postsynaptic cell

A

Dendrites

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25
Q
A

In the following diagram after a neuron receives info from the terminal buttons of other neurons this causes excitation of the neuron, then senses action potentials (messages) down the axon and reach the terminal buttons to be blinded to the dendrites of the communicating neurons/ post synaptic cell.

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26
Q

The peripheral nervous system PNS consists of two types of structures:

A

Nerves
Ganglion

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27
Q

A nerve is

A

An enclosed bundle of axons (like a cable) in the peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

Nerves provide a common pathway for

A

The electrochemical nerve impulses that move along each of the axons to the peripheral organs

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29
Q

A nerve is a collection of ___ packed closely together

A

Neurons

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30
Q

Ganglia (plural of ganglion) are

A

Lumps that are attached to nerves

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31
Q

Ganglia contain the

A

Cell body/somas of neurons

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32
Q

afferent neurons carry info

A

into the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system

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33
Q

Efferent neurons carry info

A

Away from the central nervous system into the periphery

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34
Q

Are Sensory neurons afferent or efferent neurons

A

Afferent, they send messages toward the CNS

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35
Q

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent neurons

A

Efferent, they send messages away from the CNS

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36
Q

Neurons can be characterized as

A

Unipolar/pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Anaxonic

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37
Q

Unipolar/pseudounipolar?

A

Dendrite and axon emerging from same process

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38
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Axon and a single dendrite are on opposite ends of the cell body/soma

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39
Q

Multipolar neuron?

A

Two or more dendrites, separate from the axon (cell body in start not middle)

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40
Q

Anaxonic

A

When an axon cannot be distinguished from dendrites

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41
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

non-neuronal glial cells (in the central and peripheral nervous systems) that
maintain homeostasis for neurons
form myelin for neurons
provoked support and protection for neurons

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42
Q

What are types glial cells in the CNS only

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

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43
Q

What are types glial cells in the PNS only

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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44
Q

What flail cell have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons.

A

Astrocytes/astroglia

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45
Q

What glial cell produces the so-called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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46
Q

What glial cells are involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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47
Q

What glial cells provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris (damaged or dead cells) that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

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48
Q

What glial cells help regulate the external chemical environment.

A

Satellite Cells

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49
Q

Although neuroglail cells are 10x smaller than neurons, in the human brain they are

A

10x more than neurons, meaning they take up the same space/volume as neurons

50
Q

In most areas of the brain cells cannot be replaced except for the

A

Olfactory (smell) cells
neuroglial cells
cells in the septohippocampal region in the limbic system

51
Q

There is a barrier existing between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain, this barrier is called the

A

Blood brain barrier and it is selectively permeable

52
Q

Why do we need the blood brain barrier

A

The brain is a very sensitive organ, if damage happens its hard to fix

53
Q

The blood brain barrier prevents harmful substances from

A

Entering and useful substances from leaving the brain

54
Q

In the postrema the BBB is much weaker allowing

A

neurons to detect the toxic substances in the blood. Therefore when their is poison entering the circulatory system from the stomach, neurons in the area can detect them then stimulate the area of postrema to initiate vomiting and protect the organism

55
Q

When you touch something hot like an iron you go through something called the reflex of withdrawal, explain how this works

A

When you touch a hot iron, you are automatically reflexing because a sensory neuron (afferent) send a message (through action potentials) from the finger (periphery) to the spinal chord where this message is transferred to an inter neuron which passes on the message to the motor neuron (efferent) which stimulates the muscle, initiating the response of withdraw

56
Q

Why is the reflex arc imp

A

Quick response in danger without having to send the message all the way up to the brain
(Taking longer to deal with)

57
Q

Sometimes a painful stimulus does not cause reflex arc/withdraw reflex, why is that?

A

In this case the individual takes priority over pain. Taking a hot dish out of the over when u have people over for dinner for example, its hot and your getting the message that its hot however you don’t randomly drop the dish because you have the knowledge that you’ve invited people for dinner and that the food Is the priority in mind.

This info is understood by another axon from a neuron in the brain extended and found all the way in the inter neutron sending a message to the brain besides the neurons of the reflex withdraw (excitatory neuron)

58
Q

What is the process called of preventing withdraw of reflex

A

Inhibition (inhibitory signals)

59
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

Via synapsis

60
Q

The messages sent through the axon to the terminal buttons are called

A

Action potentials

61
Q

Put in order the structures used for action potentials to be sent

A

Dendrites- some/cell body - axon - terminal buttons

62
Q

It’s not just one nerve travelling to different parts of to body to the brain but

A

Billions of nerves interacting with one another to pass on the message

63
Q

The transmitting of messages from one neuron to another happens through a

A

Synapse

64
Q

Explain the communication between neurons/synaptic transmittion

A

The terminal button of the presynaptic cell spills neurotransmitters into a fluid filled gap called the synaptic cleft then the molecules of the neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic Clift when synapses takes place then into the post synaptic cell.

65
Q

Synapsids can take place on the

A

Membranes of the Dendrite of other neurons
Membranes of the Soma/cell body of other neurons
Membranes of the Axons of other neurons

66
Q

Terminal button-Dendrite synapses is known as

A

Axodendritic

67
Q

Terminal button-soma synapses is known as

A

Axosomatic

68
Q

Terminal button-axon synapses is known as

A

Axoaxonic

69
Q

The most common synapse is a

A

Axodendritic (axons’ terminal button to dendrite)

70
Q

What type of synapse is this

A

Axoaxonic (terminal button of presynaptic cell axon with terminal button of postsynaptic cell axon)

71
Q

This synapse is

A

Axosomatic

72
Q

This synapse is

A

Axodendritic

73
Q

The average gap distance during synapse is

A

1 nm (1billionth of a metre)

74
Q

The Cytoplasm of terminal buttons contains small _____ which contain neurotransmitters which fuse to the terminal button end and are spat out into the synaptic cleft when they reach their action potential

A

Vesicles

75
Q

Where are synaptic vesicles produced

A

The soma

76
Q

How are the synaptic vesicles carried from the cell body to the terminal buttons

A

By fast axoplasmic transport

77
Q

What are the 7 most imp neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Endorphins

78
Q

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for

A

Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
Attention and alertness

79
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for

A

Flight or fight responses
Wakefulness
alertness (acetylcholine as well)

80
Q

Dopamine is responsible for

A

Smooth movements
Postural stability/ good posture

81
Q

Serotonin is resp for

A

Sleep
Eating
Mood
Dreaming

(Think SEMD, Starts with s cause serotonin

82
Q

GABA is resp for

A

Brain “stabilization”

83
Q

Endorphins are

A

Natural pain killers

84
Q

Somatic reflexes control

A

Involuntary (unaware) movement and skeletal muscles

85
Q

The most complex organ in the human body is the

A

Brain

86
Q

The brain in three parts again is the

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

87
Q

The forebrain consists of the

A

Cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus which all together are parts of the limbic system

88
Q

The testimony and tegmentum is what the ___ ____ consists of

A

Midbrain

89
Q

Cerebellum, pons and medulla ____ ____ consists of

A

Hind brain

90
Q

The midbrain (tegtum and tegmentum), pons and medulla (parts of hindbrain) are referred together as the

A

Brain stem

91
Q

Know which the cerebellum is

A

It’s the brown chunk on the bottom of the brain right of the brain stem

92
Q

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and therefore in charge of higher brain functions like

A

Thought and actions

93
Q

The cerebrum cortex is divided into four sections

A
94
Q

The cerebrum is divided in half from top view of the brain by a midline known as the

A

Corpus Callosum

95
Q

Always label is the lobes ur talking about are the left or right lobes because

A

The brain is split down the middle and each lobe is on opposing sides right and left (for example there is a right temporal lobe and a left temporal lobe)

96
Q

The brain functions with the body in a

A

Contralateral manner (the functions of the right side of our body is controlled by the left side of our brain and vice versa in most cases) (right-left)

97
Q

Rare: ipsilateral representation

A

Right side of body controlled by right side of brain and vice versa (right-right)

98
Q

Rare: Bilateral representation is when

A

Both sides of the body and controlled by both sides of the brain (right body- both sides brain) (left body-both sides brain)

99
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Reasoning, planning, movements, parts of speech, emotions, problem solving

100
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

Control movement, orientation, recognition

101
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

Visual Perception and processing

102
Q

Temperature lobe functions

A

Control perception, recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech

103
Q

Why is it imp that the cerebral cortex is wrinkled

A

It makes the brain more efficient because the wrinkles increase surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it

104
Q

True or false the two brain hemispheres are symmetrical

A

FALSE- they are asymmetrical which shows through function, the right has to do with creativity and the left is associated with logical abilities.

105
Q

The corpus callosum (the midline) is made up of

A

A bundle of axons which connect the two hemispheres

106
Q

Epileptic seizures happen when the axons making up the corpus callosum are

A

Not functioning properly

107
Q

The cerebellum (little brain) is similar to the cerebrum because it

A

has two hemispheres and it has a highly folded surface called cortex.

108
Q

The highly folded surface on the cerebellum is called

A

Cortex

109
Q

The structure of the cerebellum helps with?

A

The regulation and coordination of movement, posture and balance

110
Q

The limbic system location?

A

Deep within the cerebrum

111
Q

The limbic system contains the

A

thalamus, hypothalamus
Amygdala and hippocampus

112
Q

The thalamus is located in the forebrain, hindbrain or midbrain?

A

Forebrain and is the centre of pain perception

113
Q

The hypothalamus is located just under the

A

Thalamus and its functions are to regulate homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger and the control of the autonomic nervous system

114
Q

The amygdala is part of the telencephalon (part of the limbic system) and is located in the

A

Temporal lobe and is involved in memory emotion (strong emotional memory that causes emotion) and fear

115
Q

The hippocampus’ function is

A

Learning, memory, converting short term memory to more long term memory.
- IT IS NOT WHERE MEMORY IS STORED BUT JUST FOR MEMORY CONVERSION FROM SHORT TO LONG

116
Q

The brain stem is underneath which system

A

The limbic system

117
Q

The brain stems functions are

A

Basic vital life functions like
Breathing
Heartbeat
Blood pressure Bp

118
Q
A

This is the brain stem consisting of everything in the image but the thalamus and obviously spinal chord

119
Q

The midbrain is part of the brain stem and contains the

A

Tectum and tegmentum as said before

120
Q

The functions of the midbrain are

A

Vision
Hearing
Eye movement
Body movements
(Remember its part of the brain stem so it has basic bodily functions)

121
Q

Where in the brain stem do the vital functions of breathing and heartbeat come from

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

MED 104- Medical Psychology (24 decks)

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