PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME

Question 1

what is SGA?

Answer 1

children born small for gestational age

Question 2

what is LGA?

Answer 2

children born large for gestational age

Question 3

what is GDM

Answer 3

children born to mothers with gestational diabetes

Question 4

when can predisposition to obesity occur?

Answer 4

before a child is born (genetics)

Question 5

what occurs in the fetal environment?

Answer 5

can permanently alter metabolic process to a more thrifty phenotype so that glucose homeostasis malfunctions during conditions of overabundance of nutrients

Question 6

what can result from an altered fetal environment?

Answer 6

insulin resistance, increased risk of CV disease and evidence of metabolic syndrome

Question 7

what does puberty result in?

Answer 7

reduced insulin sensitivity and a compensatory increase in insulin secretion

Question 8

what is the percentage increase for insulin by T1D entering puberty?

Answer 8

30%

Question 9

what happens when a child has reached full adolescents?

Answer 9

transitionary situation, insulin sensitivity and secretion returns

Question 10

what is IGT?

Answer 10

impaired glucose tolerance

Question 11

what is IFG?

Answer 11

impaired fasting glucose

Question 12

what is PCOS?

Answer 12

polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 13

what is NAFLD?

Answer 13

non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 14

what is the duration of T2DM?

Answer 14

happens over a period of years

Question 15

what does T2DM result from?

Answer 15

metabolic disturbances occur when body is constantly overwhelmed by trying to deal with overabundance of food and lack of activity

Question 15

what does dyslipidemia increase the risk of?

Answer 15

CV disease

Question 16

what begins the atherosclerosis process?

Answer 16

oxidation of access LDL in bloodstream is taken up by immune cells that deposit in the arteries

Question 17

what is the first sign of atherosclerosis?

Answer 17

fatty steaks - have been found in coronary arteries in children younger than 9

Question 18

what is BP maintained through?

Answer 18

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 19

what do adipocytes release?

Answer 19

angiotensinogen

Question 20

what is BMI positively correlated with?

Answer 20

plasma concentrations of angiotensinogen along with other adipokines

Question 21

what is Acanthosis Nigricans?

Answer 21

condition common in obesity- caused by insulin resistance
- area of hyperpigmentation, found in body folds (back of neck, under arms, groin)
- can appear brown/black, area of thicker, velvety skin

Question 22

how does Acanthosis Nigricans get resolved?

Answer 22

through diet change, increase in activity

Question 23

what is PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)

Answer 23

associated with obesity and hyperondrogenism - hyperinsulinemia related to insulin resistance

Question 24

what is hyperandrogegism?

Answer 24

results in excess body hair, acne, elevated levels of testosterone

Question 25

what can failure of ovulation cause?

Answer 25

cysts that develop on the ovaries and the condition is usually accompanied by menstrual irregularities

Question 26

what is NAFLD (non alcoholic fatty liver disease)?

Answer 26

related to obesity, may be caused by dysresgulation of lipid metabolism
-can be asymptomatic but progresses to cirrhosis- which can lead to liver failure

Question 27

what 2 conditions improve with weight loss exercise?

Answer 27

PCOS and NAFLD