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Inflammation and Immunity > Pathoma and Extra Studying > Flashcards

Pathoma and Extra Studying Flashcards

1
Q

What binds to CD8 on the MHC I?

A

Alpha 3 subunit

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2
Q

What is this?

A

Caseating Granuloma

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3
Q

How can Th17 cells be involved in fungal defense?

A

They secrete IL-17 which can effect neutrophils to fight fungal infections

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4
Q

What is characteristic of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome other than the WASP defect?

A

Failure to mount an IgM response. Triad (Pyogenic infections, eczema, and thrombocytopenia)

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5
Q

What are the two main moderators of pain in acute inflammation?

A

Bradykinin and PGE2

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6
Q

What is an important characteristic of LAD?

A

Recurrent bacterial infections that lack pus - because pus is fluid with dead neutrophils within

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7
Q

What are two diseases that present with Noncaseating granulomas?

A

Sarcoidosis and Crohns disease

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8
Q

What type of inflammation is necrosis associated with?

A

Acute inflammation

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9
Q

Why are CD25 polymorphisms associated with MS and Type I diabetes?

A

Treg cells are dependent on CD25 for survival, and polymorphisms in these can lead to ineffective signaling

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10
Q

Would a MPO deficiency yield a normal or abnormal NBT test?

A

It would yield a normal test because the MPO deficiency is downstream of what is actually being tested - thus the NBT test would appear normal

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11
Q

What is this?

A

A giant cell - characteristic of a granuloma

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Non caseating granuloma

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What is CD27?

A

A plasma cell marker

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15
Q

What is the test for Rheumatoid factor?

A

This tests the levels of Ab directed at the Fc portion of IgG

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16
Q

What is the test of anti-CCP?

A

ELISA for antibodies against CCP

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17
Q

What is CD14?

A

The TLR on macrophages that binds to LPS on gram negative bacteria

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18
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Neutrophils within the crypts of the colon

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19
Q

What are the three ways mast cells can become activated?

A

Tissue trauma, IgE crosslinking, and Complement C3a and C5a

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20
Q

A FoxP3 mutation is known as what syndrome?

A

IPEX Syndrome

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21
Q

What is occurring in the light staining region of the thymus?

A

This is where DP T cells are being tested and selected for

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22
Q

Graves disease is characterized by what?

A

Activating auto abs to thyroid stimulating receptors. Hyperthyroidism.

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23
Q

What is the defining characteristic of microscopic polyangiitis?

A

Auto abs to myeloperoxidase

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24
Q

What is CD56?

A

An NK cell marker

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25
Q

What are the main chemical mediators that Th1 cells secrete?

A

IL-2 and IFN-gamma

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26
Q

What is the genetic predisposition for RA?

A

HLA-DRB1

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27
Q

What is the main role of Th17 cells?

A

These are induced by cytokines TGF-beta and IL-6. These have a large role in mucosal and cutaneous immunity - especially in the gut. When thinking mucosal immunity also think IgA

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28
Q

What is the role of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4?

A

These work in vasoconstriction, bronchospasm and increasing vascular permeability

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29
Q

What is the importance of Hagemann Factor?

A

Import in gram negative sepsis and DIC. Microbes can directly activate this and lead to clotting

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30
Q

What disease is characterized by frequent falls due to gait abnormalities and vascular abnormalities?

A

ATM - DNA repair enzyme defect leading to no VDJ recombination

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31
Q

What is Sialyl Lewis x?

A

It binds to the selectins and is important in rolling

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32
Q

What upregulates the cellular adhesion molecules (E-selectins) on endothelial cells?

A

TNF and IL-1

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33
Q

What is the dark staining region in the thymus?

A

The cortex where T cells are maturing from DN to DP

34
Q

An aggregation of epitheloid histiocytes is known as?

A

Granuloma

35
Q
A
36
Q

What induces E-selectin?

A

TNF and IL-1

37
Q

What are the main chemical mediators that Th2 cells secrete?

A

IL-10 - Inhibits Th1 response IL-4 - IgE class switching IL- 5 Eosinophil response and differentiation of B cells

38
Q

What is Autoimmune lymphoproliferative characterized by?

A

No Fas:FasL binding in the periphery leading to accumulation of lyphocytes

39
Q

What are patients with CVID at increased risk for?

A

Autoimmune diseases and lymphoma risk

40
Q

What are the two ways that B cells can be activated?

A

Ag binds to the IgM or IgD receptor on the surface of the B cell - this will become an IgM secreting plasma cells B cell recognizes Ag - internalizes the Ag and presents it on MHC class II to CD4 T cells. This will allow for class switching and further differentiation

41
Q

What is the role of bradykinin?

A

Vasodilation, vascular permeability and pain

42
Q

What is responsible of the delayed response after mast cell activation?

A

Leukotrienes

43
Q

What is important about the age of onset of CVID?

A

Patient tend to be asymptomatic until later into their 30s and 40s

44
Q

What is characteristic of polyarteriitis nodosa?

A

Hepatitis Viral Antigens resulting in systemic vasculitis

45
Q

What is going to be occurring at the sites of RA?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils are destroying the tissue at the site

46
Q

Is mycobacteria intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular - requiring a Th1 response

47
Q

What are the opportunistic infections associated with CGD?

A

Staph and aspergillus

48
Q

Crohn’s disease is characterized by what?

A

Abnormal response to get microflora possibly due to defective NOD pathway signaling

49
Q

What induces P-selectin?

A

Histamine

50
Q

What do cellular adhesion molecules bind to?

A

Integrins on leukocytes (LFA)

51
Q
A

Pleural effusion

52
Q

What is the cause of margination in acute inflammation?

A

Increased vasodilation moves neutrophils from the center of the blood to the periphery because of decreased blood flow rates

53
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Caseous Necrosis with central calcification

54
Q

What is the key cell in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Epitheloid histiocytes (macrophage with abundant pink cytoplasm)

55
Q

What causes the rolling of leukocytes?

A

Selectins on the surface of endothelial cells

56
Q

What binds to CD4 on MHC II?

A

Beta 2 subunit

57
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Non-caseating granuloma

58
Q

What are the main chemoattractants for neutrophils?

A

LTB4, C5a, and IL-8

59
Q

What are the main moderators of fever?

A

Macrophages release IL-1 and TNF-alpha which goes to the hypothalamus

60
Q

What is the underlying cause of SLE and what can it lead to?

A

Auto Abs against nuclear material. This can lead to Ag:Ab complexes depositing in multiple tissues. This will activate complement and lead to lower levels of complement components

61
Q

How does complement mediate Ag:Ab clearance?

A

When Abs are bound to their Ag this is a signal for C1q to bind. Eventually the C3 convertase will form and cleave C3 to C3a and C3b. C3b will then opsonize the complex and allow for macrophages to digest it. C3b can also bind to CR1 on the RBC. This binding will carry the Ag:Ab complex to the spleen where it will be cleared by macrophages.

62
Q

What are the two top criteria for SLE?

A

Malar or discoid rash, usually upon exposure to sunlight

63
Q

How does sun exposure lead to a rash in SLE?

A

UV light will induce apoptosis in keratinocytes and the release of nuclear material. The antibodies will then recognize the nuclear material and mount an immune response against it.

64
Q

What is Sjogren Syndrome?

A

Type IV Hypersensitivity that results in the destruction of the Salivary and Lacrimal glands.

65
Q

What is the main criteria for Sjogren Syndrome?

A

Dry eyes

66
Q

What is the underlying cause of Scleroderma?

A

High levels of fibrosis in multiple tissues. There are auto Abs for DNA topoisomerase I. Skin issues are important. Tight skin due to underlying fibrosis

67
Q

What is the CREST criteria with Scleroderma?

A

C - calcinosis

R - Raynaud phenomenom

E - esophageal dysmotility due to fibrosis

S - Sclerodactyly

T - Telangiectasias

68
Q

What is this an image of in the mouth?

A

Sjogren’s Syndrome - lymphocyte infiltrate Type IV hypersensitivity

69
Q

What do NSAIDs inhibit?

A

These inhibit prostaglandin formation which mediates vasodilation

70
Q

Leukotriene E 4 , platelet-activating factor, and thromboxane A 2 have?

A

Vasoconstrictive properties?

71
Q

A 77-year-old woman experiences a sudden loss of consciousness, with loss of movement on the right side of the body. Cerebral angiography shows an occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. Elaboration of which of the following mediators will be most beneficial in preventing further ischemic injury to her cerebral cortex?

A Bradykinin

B Leukotriene E 4

C Nitric oxide

D Platelet-activating factor

E Thromboxane A 2

A

C Nitric oxide

Endothelial cells can release nitric oxide to promote vasodilation in areas of ischemic injury.

72
Q

What is the role of Kallikrein?

A

Kallikrein may aid in generation of bradykinin and plasmin, but participates just in complement C5a generation.

73
Q

What is the role of prostaglandin E2?

A

Fever and Pain

74
Q

Thromboxane does what?

A

Aids in vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

75
Q

How do glucocorticoids inhibit wound healing?

A

Glucocorticoids inhibit wound healing by impairing collagen synthesis.

76
Q

CD14 is?

A

TLR4

77
Q

CD21 is?

A

CR2

78
Q

What is CD45?

A

Tyrosine phosphatase of TCR and BCR

79
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Cancer of plasma cells. Can result in bone breaks. Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown origin

80
Q

What is the stroma of the thymus?

A

Epithelial reticular cells

Inflammation and Immunity (51 decks)

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