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Inflammation and Immunity > 1.5.2 Humoral Effector Mechanisms > Flashcards

1.5.2 Humoral Effector Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigenic shift?

A

Mutation of epitopes so that antibodies can no longer bind

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2
Q

What are characteristics of immunogens?

A

These are greater than 10kDa, able to elicit an immune response w/o help

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3
Q

What is a hapten?

A

A small antigen that must be bound to a large molecule to elicit an immune response

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4
Q

Where are plasma cells concentrated?

A

These are concentrated in the bone marrow and medulla of lymph nodes

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5
Q

How are antibodies transported?

A

By blood

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6
Q

What antibody classes areinvolved in neutralization of toxins?

A

IgM, IgG and IgA

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7
Q

What is the mechanism by which antibodies neutralize viruses and toxins?

A

Bind viruses and prevent attachment to cells and bind toxins and prevent it from binding receptors on cells

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8
Q

What antibody classes are involved in opsonophagocytosis?

A

IgM and IgG

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9
Q

What is the mechanism by which antibodies carry out opsonophagocytosis?

A

These coat the microbe with antibody. IgG-Ag complexes or complement bind macrophages and neutrophils via Fc-gamma-R or complement receptors and induce phagocytosis; induces ROS, NO, and proteolytic enzymes

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10
Q

What is the major site for phagocytosis?

A

Spleen

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11
Q

Phagocytosis is the major mechanism against what foreign pathogen?

A

Encapsulated bacteria

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12
Q

What is the class of antibody that is involved in antibody-dependent cellular toxicity?

A

IgG

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of antibody-dependent cellular toxicity?

A

IgG-Ag complexes bind to Fc-gamma-R on NK cells. The NK cells release perforin and granzyme B

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14
Q

What antibody class is most involved with eosinophils and mast cells?

A

IgE

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15
Q

What is the role of IgE and eosinophils?

A

These bind to Fc-epsilon-R and work against helminths and have a role in asthma

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16
Q

What antibodies classes are involved in mucosal immunity?

A

IgA and IgM - IgA production is induced by TGF-beta produced in mucosal-associated lymph tissue

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17
Q

What are some mechanisms of the immune system in the gut?

A

The villi drain into the mesenteric lymph node

M cell - transports antigens across intestinal wall and brings it to the peyers patch

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of parenteral polio vaccines?

A

Intermuscular; Induces serum IgG; Neutralizes virus in blood; Protective no CNS infection; does not block viral entry and replication; permits carrier state

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of oral polio vaccines?

A

Oral; Induces secretory IgA; neutralizes virus in GI tract; blocks viral entry and replication in gut; does not permit carrier state

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of fetal and neonatal immunity?

A

FcRn binds free IgG and transports it across the placenta

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21
Q

Is hypogammagloblinemia normal during infancy

A

Yes

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22
Q

What are the major characteristics of the complement system?

A

effector system of Innate and Adaptive immunity; more than 25 serum proteins with biological activity; effects are mediated directly by peptides or through complement receptors

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23
Q

What is the key step in the activation of the complement system?

A

formation of a C3 convertase

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the classical pathway?

A

IgM or IgG bound to antigen recruits C1q; C1q binds the Fc region of IgM or IgG; C1q recruits C1r and C1s to form the active enzyme that cleaves C2 and C4 (C3 convertase)

25
Q

What are the characteristics of the alternative pathway?

A

Spontaneous C3 hydrolysis leading to C3b on microbial charged surface; recruiting of factor B; Cleavage of Factor B by factor D; C3bB = C3 convertase; Factor P creates C3bBbP which is a very stable convertase leading to cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b aids in amplification of all pathways

26
Q

What is the defining characteristic associated with the lectin pathway?

A

triggered by mannose-containing microbial carbohydrates

27
Q

What are the components of the C5 convertase?

A

C3 convertase and C3b

28
Q

What is the reaction the C5 convertase helps carry out?

A

Leads to conversion of C5 to C5a and C5b

29
Q

What is the role of C5a?

A

will be a key component in inflammation

30
Q

What is the role of C5b?

A

aids in the formation of the MAC complex

31
Q

What is the function of the MAC complex?

A

poly C-9 puts physical holes in the plasma membrane leading to cell lysis

32
Q

C3b and C4b carry out what function of the complement?

A

opsonization

33
Q

C5a carries out what function of the complement?

A

Inflammation - chemotaxis of neutrophils relies on C5a

34
Q

C3b and iC3b have what functions of the complement?

A

Solubilizing and clearance of immune complexes from circulation

35
Q

C3d is a co-activator for what cells?

A

B cells

36
Q

Mast cells, basophils, and SMCs have what receptor to work in anaphylaxis?

A

C5aR

37
Q

Phagocytes have what receptors for complement to aid in phagocytosis?

A

CR3 and CR4

38
Q

What is the receptor on erythrocytes what aids in clearance of soluble immune complexes?

A

CR1

39
Q

What are the characteristics of LAD-1?

A

CD18 deficiency leading to poor cell adhesion proteins. This leads to poor neutrophil adhesion and poor opsonophagocytosis using C3b or C4b

40
Q

C3 complement deficiency usually leads to?

A

Fatal susceptibility to infection

41
Q

C2 and C4 complement deficiency usually leads to?

A

Increased immune complex disease

42
Q

C9 deficiency leads to?

A

Neisseria

43
Q

When measuring complement what does ELISA do?

A

It measures the level of function for each protein in the pathway

44
Q

When measuring complement what does total hemolytic complement measure?

A

CH50 units. Measures the overall production of the complement

45
Q

What does an opsonophagocytic activity test do?

A

measuring the uptake of antibody-coated bacteria by neutrophils in the presence of fresh nonimmune serum

46
Q

The C1 inhibitor has what role?

A

a serine protease that dissociates C1qrs, which is involved in the classical pathway. This regulates the complement pathway

47
Q

What is hereditary angioedema?

A

unabated classical pathway activation leading to production of anaphylatoxins and resulting edema. Result from a loss of the C1 inhibitor

48
Q

What is the role of decay accelerating factor?

A

Preventing factor B from binding to C3b - blocking the formation of the C3 convertase (alternative pathway)

49
Q

What is the role of complement receptor 1?

A

Prevents Factor B from binding C3b - blocking the formation of the C3 convertase alternative pathway

50
Q

What is the role of Factor I?

A

degradation of C3b and C4b to iC3b and iC4b - blocking the formation of the C3 convertase

51
Q

What is the role of Factor H?

A

Binds C3b and acts as a co-factor for Factor I - blocking the formation of the C3 convertase

52
Q

What is the role of C4b binding protein?

A

Binds C4b - blocking the formation of the C3 converstase

53
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal hemaglobinuria?

A

Deficiency in enzyme that creates the glycolipid anchor that tethers DAF and MCP to membrane. Sporadic hemolysis due to spontaneous C3 activation on membranes of RBCs

54
Q

Homologous restriction factor does what?

A

Blocks MAC

55
Q

What is the role of anaphylatoxin inhibitor?

A

Cleaves and inactivates C3a, C4a and C5a

56
Q

What is the role of the S protein?

A

blocks MAC by attaching C5b678 to C9

57
Q

What is a reason the xenotransplantation is difficult?

A

Transplanting organs from pigs has problems because pig complement reg proteins do not regulate human complement

Inflammation and Immunity (51 decks)

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