2.2.3 Intro to Opportunistic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

C. neoformans typically affects what type of patients?

A

Immunocompromised patients

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2
Q

According to Dr. Fischback, as a patients CD4 levels drop what happens to the type of diseases they get infected with?

A

They get weirder

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3
Q

How is pneumocystis jirovecii transmitted?

A

Aerosolized mouse or rat urine

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4
Q

C. neoformans usually leads to what?

A

Meningitis but can also cause primary lung disease

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5
Q

What is a dimorphic fungi?

A

They have both a yeast form and a mycelial form - only the yeast form occurs within the human body

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6
Q

This image is characteristic of what disease?

A

Coccidioides immitus

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7
Q

Where is Coccidioides immitus found?

A

Southwest and California

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8
Q

This image is characteristic of what disease and what are its hallmark characteristics?

A

Pneumocystis carinii - Note foamy eosinophilic material within alveolar space. The organisms are not visible, except with the GMS silver stain.

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9
Q

Does Coccidioides immitus affect normal hosts?

A

Yes but it will disseminate with immunocompromised patients

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10
Q

How is cryptococcus transferred?

A

Infection is acquired by inhaling aerosolized droplets containing yeast, not transferred person to person.

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11
Q

What is this an image of and what are its defining characteristics?

A

Soap bubble appearance in the Virchow-Robbin space of the brain, characteristic of C. neoforman. Capsular polysaccharide stains intense red with periodic acid

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12
Q

Where does histoplasma capsulatum prefer to live?

A

Bird DROPPINGS!!

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13
Q

What is this an image of?

A

histoplasma capsulatum granuloma

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14
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum usually found within the host?

A

Within macrophage

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15
Q

What is this an image of and what staining is this?

A

India Ink test – not very sensitive, or specific, so it is rarely (if ever) used the modern laboratory. Calcifluor white staining or C Neoformans antigen testing is preferred. Note the budding yeast body within the capsule

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16
Q

This map is characteristic of what disease?

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

17
Q

C. neoformans is resistant to what?

A

phagocytosis

18
Q

What is this an image of and what is the stain used?

A

Coccidioides immitus using calcifluor white stain

19
Q

How to test for C. neoformans?

A

Antigen testing in the CSF

20
Q

This image is characteristic of what disease?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii - silver stain. The encysted organisms have a cup or goblet shape.

21
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Many yeast but not many macrophages characteristic of Disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with a compromised immune system

22
Q

The coin lesion found on this chest x-ray is characteristic of what disease?

A

histoplasma capsulatum

23
Q

What is this an image of?

A

histoplasma capsulatum within a patient with a normal immune system. Contained within a macrophage

24
Q

What is this an image of?

A

HIV patient with disseminated histoplasmosis

25
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Coccidioides immitus one intact spherule, next to one that is rupturing.

26
Q

Where does Blastomyces dermatitidis live?

A

In the soil and in associate with decaying organic matter

27
Q

What disease is characterized by erythema nodusum?

A

Coccidioides immitus

28
Q

Chest x-ray on a patient with pneumocystis jirovecii has what appearance?

A

Ground glass appearance

29
Q

C. neoformans tends to have what habitat?

A

Alkaline bird dropping habitat

30
Q

This graph shows the epidemiology of what disease?

A

histoplasma capsulatum

31
Q

A person with an intact immune system will contain cryptococcus within a?

A

Granuloma

32
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum found?

A

Ohio and Mississippi river valleys