1.2.1 Acute Inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa)
Identify some of the variety of stimuli of acute inflammation.
Infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies (splinters, dirt, sutures), and immune reaction (hypersensitivity)
What physiological change is responsible for both heat and redness of acute inflammation?
Blood vessel dilation
Sir Thomas Lewis identified the triple response of inflammation and immunity, what are three components?
Redness, Flare, Wheal
What causes the redness?
arteriolar and capillary vasodilation (rarely, there may be initial transient vasoconstriction)
What does flare refer to?
Redness in the surrounding area, due to diffusion of histamine and early stasis
What is the cause of wheal?
Exudation of fluid from post-capillary venules; outpouring of protein-rich fluid into the extravascular tissues
What are the two possible sources of acute inflammation due to vascular response?
Microbes and Necrotic tissue
How long will inflammation persist?
Until the inciting stimulus is removed and the mediators are dissipated or inhibited
Within the vascular response of acute inflammation, what is the purpose of monocytes and granulocytes after they exit the vasculature?
Elimination of microbe or dead tissue
Edema is a result of physiological mechanism?
Vasodilation, which leads to increased vascular permeability
What are some characteristics of exudate?
Extravascular fluid w/ high protein content, and may contain some WBC and red cells, high specific gravity (ex. Pus)
What are some characteristics of transudate?
Low protein content, little to no cellular content (occurs as a result of decreased colloid osmotic pressure)
What are some pathogenecities of non-inflammatory edema?
Pulmonary edema due to HF
Nephrotic syndrome due to renal disturbance (low albumin)
What are some pathogenecities of inflammatory edema?
Direct, irreversible injury - all vessels (burns)
Transient increases in vascular permeability (triple response)
Give examples of both exogenous and endogenous chemo-attractants that result in chemotaxis?
Exogenous: N-formyl Met terminal AA from bacteria, LPS
Endogenous: Complement proteins (C5a), Chemokines (IL-8), Acrachidonic acid prod (LTB4)
The inflammasome is responsible for the cleavage and activation of which chemokine?
IL-1
What are some of the omnipresent proteins in plasma that can recognize microbes and damaged cells?
Complement proteins, mannose-binding lection, and collectins
What are some of the molecules involved in the retraction of endothelial cells?
Histamine, NO, other mediators
What are the sequential steps in leukocyte extravasation?
Margination, rolling, pavementing (adhesion), transmigration or extravasation