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Inflammation and Immunity > 1.1.2 Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

1.1.2 Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Well, according to Wikipedia, an immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against dz by indentifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells

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2
Q

The immune system must distinguish b/t self and non-self. Are all non-self cells destroyed?

A

No, there are non-self organisms that are crucial to human life. (Miles, would you like an example? Well, here it two.) The symbiotic microflora of the vagina and GI tract.

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3
Q

What are the two primary functions of the immune system?

A

Prevent infection, Recognize pathogens and respond in a manner that destroys the pathogen.

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4
Q

What are some other benefits of the immune system?

A

Wound healing, Tumor destruction

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5
Q

What are some of the unintended consequences of immunity?

A

Hypersensitivity, Systematic Infammatory Response Syndrome, Autoimmunity, Transplant rejection, Graft vs Host Dz (GvHD)

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6
Q

What is the time frame of the innate and adaptive immune response?

A

Innate: Minutes to 12 hrs

Adaptive: 12 hrs to days

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7
Q

What types of cells are involved with the innate immune response? adaptive response?

A

Innate: epithelial barriers, mast cells, phagocytes, dendritic cells, complement, NK cells and ILCs (innate lymphoid cells)

Adaptive: B and T lymphocytes, plasma cells, effector T cells

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8
Q

What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of the innate immune system as compared to the adaptive?

A

Pre-existing and induced, small # of recognition structures, no memory, level of defense is similar upon repeated exposures

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9
Q

What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of the adaptive immune system as compared to the innate?

A

Induced only, nearly infinite # of recognition structures (antigen receptors), memory, level of defense is faster and more robust upon repeated exposures

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10
Q

What are some of the anatomical barriers present in the innate system?

A

Skin, mucosa, pH in stomach, protease in saliva

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11
Q

Where is the innate response located?

A

At the site of infection

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12
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of an innate response? What types of cells are involved in each?

A

Phagocytosis (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), Target cell lysis (neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells), Inflammation (cytokines and chemokines)

All three are part of complement

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13
Q

How does the innate system recognize self vs non-self?

A

Pattern recognition molecules

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14
Q

What are the three mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors on phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes bind pathogens, phagocytes bring pathogens into intracellular vessicles and destroy pathogens, phagocytes release “danger” signals to recruit other immune cells

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15
Q

Which innate immune cells is responsible for migrating to the lymph nodes carrying the destroyed pathogen?

A

Primarily dendritic cells

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16
Q

What type of cells are responsible for activating lymphocytes?

A

Innate immune cells

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17
Q

What do innate immune cells use to present the pathogen to the lymphocytes?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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18
Q

What is similiar about B and T cell receptors?

A

Consist of variable and constant regions

19
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule that is bound by antibodies or T cell receptors (Antibodies bind antigens of various composition whereas T cells most commonly bind peptides)

20
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Passive and active

21
Q

Describe active adaptive immunity.

A

induced by infection or vacination, long-lasting

22
Q

Describe passive adaptive immunity.

A

Conferred by transfer of ab’s or cells, short-lived (ex: transfer of ab’s from mother to fetus or anti-venom or anti-toxin

23
Q

What is the clonal selection theory?

A

All antigen receptors on a single B or T lymphocyte are identical.

For lympocytes to recognize a diverse pool of pathogens, we need many different lymphocytes.

Therefore, very few lymphocytes recognize the same pathogen.

24
Q

Describe the image that illustrates clonal selection.

A

There are many different flavors or colors of lymphocytes. Upon exposure to a pathogen, the corresponding lymphocyte will be selected for and clonally proliferate. This will cause one flavor of lymphocyte to expand while others remain the same.

25
Q

B/c of memory, how does the secondary adaptive response compare to the primary response?

A

Quicker and more robust

26
Q

What is a naive lymphocyte?

A

Mature lymphocytes that have not been activated, life span of 6-8 wks

27
Q

What is an effector lymphocyte?

A

Differentiated lymphocytes that fulfill function (eg. Th cells, Tc cells, plasma cells), lifespan of days

28
Q

What is a memory lymphocyte?

A

Differentiated lymphocytes, typically long-lived, that can become effector upon reencounter with antigen, lifespan of years

29
Q

What are the 5 phases of an adaptive immune response?

A

Ag recognition, lymphocyte activation, Ag elimination, contraction (homeostasis), memory

30
Q

What are the two major mechanisms of an adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral immunity (ab-mediated) and cellular-mediated immunity

Both mechanisms ultimately use the innate immune system to complete their tasks

31
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, what cell helps a macrophage clear phagocytosed microbes?

A

Th, they help further activate the macrophage and kill the microbes

32
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, what cells aids in the desctruction of cells that are infected with intracellular microbes (e.g. viruses)?

A

Tc, kills infected cells and eliminates reservoirs of infection

33
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in neutralizing microbes and microbial toxins?

A

IgM,G,A

34
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in opsonophagocytosis?

A

IgM,G

35
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

IgG

36
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in eosinophil/mast cell-mediated responses?

A

IgE

37
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in complement?

A

IgM, IgG

38
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in protecting mucosal surfaces?

A

IgM, IgA

39
Q

What type of antibodies are involved in protecting neonates?

A

IgG

40
Q

What are cytokines?

A

low molecular weight, soluble proteins that trigger activation, proliferation, or death

41
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Low molecular weight proteins that induce cellular migration

42
Q

If you have a question about about autocrine signaling, who should ask?

A

Ask Miles… He’s an expert in the field of autocrining according to Sean

43
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

44
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer’s patches

Inflammation and Immunity (51 decks)

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