Formative Quiz Review 3 Flashcards
Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY outcome of using abatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
Activate regulatory T cells
Induce T cell anergy
Induce Th2 differentiation
Inhibit B cell activation
Inhibit mast cell activation
Induce T cell anergy
A. Incorrect. Abatacept blocks stimulation through CD28 by binding B7. Blocking CD28 does not activate regulatory T cells.
B. Correct. Blocking CD28 function will result in stimulation through the TCR alone, a process that induces anergy.
C. Incorrect. Without co-stimulation, T cells will not become activated or differentiate into any subset.
D. Incorrect. While B7 is expressed on B cells, stimulating B7 with CTLA-4-Ig does not have a known outcome.
E. Incorrect. Neither CD28 nor B7 are expressed on mast cells.
A liver transplant patient received three daily doses of anti-thymoglobulin (ATG) prior to surgery to deplete his T cells and minimize the risk of graft rejection. After surgery, the patient receives additional ATG injections daily for five days. On the fifth day postsurgery, the patient develops a high fever (40°C), severe hypotension, and purpura. Which of the following mediators most likely is responsible for all of these symptoms?
Granzyme B
IFNγ
IgE
Immune complexes
Mannose-binding lectin
Immune complexes
A. Incorrect. Granzyme B is a component of the cell-mediated immune response and would not cause fever, hypotension or purpura.
B. Incorrect. IFNγ is required for the cell-mediated immune response. While it might induce fever and hypotension (through NO), it is not known to cause purpura.
C. Incorrect. IgE is a component of the Type I hypersensitivity response. While this could occur in this scenario, it is unlikely and IgE does not induce purpura.
D. Correct. This is a classic Type III hypersensitivity response characterized by an accumulation of immune complexes, the activation of complement and the release of peptides mediators that explain all of these symptoms.
E. Incorrect. While complement is an important component of Type III hypersensitivity, the classical pathway combined with the amplification loop of the alternative pathway is used, not the lectin pathway.
A 27-year-old woman was jogging on her treadmill, as she did every day, but noticed her pulse reached 160 beats per minute within 60 seconds on the track. She quickly exhausted herself. She sought advice from her physician, who found out she was also losing weight. The physician also noticed a large, bulging thyroid gland in her neck. The gland was later removed, and a representative section is shown in the accompanying photomicrograph. Which one of the following is the best diagnosis?
Follicular carcinoma
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Multinodular goiter
Papillary carcinoma
Thyroid adenoma
Graves’s disease causes hyperthyroidism, and histologically shows infolding of the follicular epithelium into papillary structures (“P”). Scalloping (“S”) of the colloid, from resorption, is also prominent. See also Fig. 24-13 and surrounding text, Robbins, Cotran, and Kumar. There is also an available Aperio virtual slide, which has similar histology.
A 36-year-old woman noticed a lump in her neck. When seen by her physician, she also noted that she had been fatigued lately. He palpated a nodular thyroid that was somewhat tender. Because of the cosmetic defect that the patient felt, the thyroid was removed. A representative section is shown in the accompanying photomicrograph. Which one of the following is the best diagnosis?
Follicular carcinoma
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Multinodular goiter
Papillary carcinoma
Thyroid adenoma
Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common cause of hypothyroidism and goitrous enlargement of the thyroid. Rarely, it can cause hyperthyroidism. The histological appearance is characteristic, with lymphoid follicles (“F”) commonly seen, along with atrophy of thyroid follicles. See also Fig. 24.11 and surrounding text, Robbins, Cotran, and Kumar. There is also an available Aperio virtual slide, which has similar histology.
A gaping wound is made in the skin of a rabbit. The wound is large in surface area, and no attempt is made to surgically appose the edges, although bleeding was controlled. After 6 weeks of observation, which of the following would be the expected result with proper nutrition?
Healing by primary intention
Healing by resolution
Healing by resolution, with minimal scarring
Healing by secondary intention
Ulceration (the wound would not heal)
Healing by secondary intention
The tissue biopsy shown in the accompanying photomicrograph was taken from deep within a diabetic foot ulcer. Which one of the following is the best overall description of the cellular changes seen in the photomicrograph?
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Granulation tissue
Granulomatous inflammation
Mature scar
Granulation tissue
A cancer patient becomes extremely leukopenic, thrombocytopenic, and anemic following her latest chemotherapy treatment. To alleviate the anemia, the oncologist decides to give the patient a unit of packed red blood cells, which is later found to be ABO mismatched. Within an hour, the patient develops chills and a fever. Which of the following mediators is most likely responsible for this reaction?
C3
IFN-g
IgE
IL-4
IL-5
A. Correct
B. The transfusion reaction is a classic type II hypersensitivity. IFN promotes Th1 responses that are involved in type IV reactions. Also note the time frame of the reaction. It occurred within an hour. This is much more consistent with a type II hypersensitivity than a type IV reaction which can take days.
C. IgE is typically not required for type II hypersensitivities.
D. This patient had preexisting antibodies against the mismatched RBCs. Cytokines are not required for this reaction.
E. This patient had preexisting antibodies against the mismatched RBCs. Cytokines are not required for this reaction.
A experimental strategy for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases is to administer a soluble protein that binds B7 family members. Which of the following is the intended result of this therapy?
Promote the differentiation of Th1 cells
Promote NKT cell activation
Suppress MHC expression
Suppress T cell activation
Suppress NK cell-mediated killing
A. Binding B7 family proteins will block stimulation through CD28. Without CD28, T cells canot become activated and differentiate into Th1 cells.
B. Blocking CD28 will not promote activation of NKT cells.
C. B7 proteins are unrelated to MHC expression.
D. Correct Suppress T cell activation
E. NK cells do not bind B7
Family members of a patient who needs a kidney transplant are being tissue typed to identify a suitable organ donor. Which of the following tests measures whether the patient’s lymphocytes are activated by cells from any of the prospective donors?
Mixed lymphocyte reaction
Major crossmatch
Minor crossmatch
HLA typing
Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing
Mixed lymphocyte reaction
Crossmatches are serological assays that measure antibody to tissue antigens. HLA typing will determine the HLA type, but does not measure lymphocyte responses in vitro, and skin testing is not used in transplantation to select donor and recipient pairs.
At age 3 months, a girl was diagnosed as suffering from aplastic anemia. After receiving a hematopoietic stem cell transplant from her mother, she was treated with cyclophosphamide. Her course was unremarkable until three weeks post-transplantation when the patient developed jaundice, hepatosplenamegaly, diarrhea and a patchy red rash over her anterior neck and scalp. Which of the following most likely caused this post-transplant disease, which was successfully treated with cyclosporine A?
An IgE-mediated drug reaction to cyclosphosphamide
Graft-verus-host disease
Autoantibody production leading to immune complex deposition
Rejection of the donor stem cells
An opportunistic virus infection
Graft-verus-host disease
These signs are diagnostic of GvHD as is a positive response to immunosuppressive therapy.
A 72-year-old man complains of bilateral swelling and pain in the joints of his hands and feet. Several of his proximal phalangeal joints are noticeably deformed. A radiograph of the right hand shows a narrowing of the joint spaces in three of his digits. Which of the following additional findings would support a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in this patient?
A decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Serum antibodies to double strand DNA
Antibodies to IgG in the serum
A positive response to antibiotics
Autoantibody to the TSH receptor
Antibodies to IgG in the serum
Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) is often present in a variety of rheumatological diseases. However, it is more diagnostic in this case, because the other choices are fairly specific for autoimmune diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis (anti-dsDNA = lupus; anti-TSH receptor = Grave’s disease).
For which of the following conditions is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation an effective and routine therapy?
DiGeorge Syndrome
HIV/AIDS
SCID
C3 deficiency
Myasthenia gravis
Severe congenital T cell immune deficiencies are among the conditions treated with stem cell transplantation. SCID is severe combined immune deficiency and requires a source of lymphocyte progenitor cells to effect replacement of the lymphocyte pool (rescue).
In which of the following conditions does an abnormal response to microbial flora appear to lead to a chronic inflammatory disease?
Graft-versus-host disease
Atopic asthma
Crohn’s disease
Hereditary angioedema
Myasthenia gravis
The chronic inflammatory bowel disease known as Crohn’s disease results from dysreguation of the immune system in the gastrointestinal tissues. T cells committed to microbial flora antigens appear to become excessively activated and produce proinflammatory mediators, including TNF. This cytokine damages epithelial cells lining the gut wall and ulcers can form. Simply giving these patients antibodies to TNF provides many of these patients a significant degree of relief.
Which of the following is an example of an immunological cross-reaction that is commonly seen in clinical medicine?
The transfer of maternal IgG across the placenta
The reaction of isohemagglutinins with microbial carbohydrate antigens
The binding of mouse IgG to the human Fc receptor
The binding of complement to IgM
The translocation of IgA across the intestinal epithelium
The reaction of isohemagglutinins with microbial carbohydrate antigens
Crossreactions involve the binding of two different antigens by a given antibody. This often occurs when the two antigens share an epitope. A common example is the crossreaction between normal flora carbohydrate moieties and the ABO blood group antigens, which are also polysaccharide in nature.
For which of the following conditions would methotrexate be an inappropriate treatment?
Renal allograft rejection
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rhematoid arthritis
Graft-versus-host disease
CMV infection
An immunosuppressive drug, such as methrotrexate, would be appropriate for treating certain forms of graft rejection, lupus, RA and even GvH. However, one would never treat a patient with a viral infection with such a drug. Inhibition of the immune system (immunosuppression) would place this patient at risk for developing a complicated, disseminated virus infection and perhaps other opportunistic infections.
A 35-year-old woman presents with fatigue and anemia and her history suggests an autoimmune disease. A Coombs test is positive. Which of the following laboratory test results would also be expected for this patient?
A protein spike on serum protein electrophoresis
Decreased C1, C2 and C4 levels
Elevated serum tryptase
Skin test anergy when tested with fungal and bacterial antigens
Unresponsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte culture
Decreased C1, C2 and C4 levels
Anemia and a positive Coombs test suggest antibodies to erythrocyte antigens. If large amounts of antigen-antibody complexes were to form that involved hemolytic isotypes of antibodies (IgM or IgG), then classical pathway complement components would become depleted.
A 35-year-old woman is experiencing fatigue and heat intolerance and shows elevated levels of circulating thyroid hormone. Her serum also contains antibody to the TSH receptor. What is the likely diagnosis of this disease?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
Multiple sclerosis
Goodpasture syndrome
Grave’s disease
Grave’s disease
Grave’s disease is a condition resulting from stimulation of the thyroid with agonistic antibody to the TSH receptor. In other words, the antibody acts like TSH and causes hyperthyroidism.
Which one of the following drugs is used in organ transplantation and blocks transcriptional activation of cytokine genes in T cells as its primary mode of action?
Cyclophosphamide
Epinephrine
Cyclosporine
Cyclohexamide
Dexamethasone
Cyclosporine
Drugs of the cyclosporine family bind cyclophilin and thereby inhibit calcineurin, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates NF-AT. Dephosphorylated NF-AT is a transcription factor that transactivates a number of cytokine genes in T cells. In the presence of the drug, NF-AT is phosphorylated (inactive).
A 52-year-old woman received an allogeneic renal transplant two months ago. She was progressing satisfactorily on immunosuppressive drugs and the dosage of the drugs had been decreased recently. Within the last week, she began to experience fever, a tender, painful and swollen kidney and a decline in renal function (decreased urinary output, elevated BUN). Which of the following is most likely responsible for her declining clinical course over the past week?
An opportunistic viral infection
Immune complex deposition in the kidney
Graft-versus-host disease
Acute allograft rejection
Diabetic nephropathy
Acute allograft rejection
Two months after renal transplant with a kidney from an allogeneic donor, one might expect graft rejection to still occur, especially after decreasing immunosuppressive therapy. Fever, tender organ and decline in organ function are all consistent with graft rejection. GvH rarely occurs with renal transplants and there is no reason to suspect diabetic nephropathy at this early time.
A 32-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and mild renal insufficiency has decreased serum C3 and C4 components of complement in her serum. What is the best hypothesis for the pathogenesis of her hypocomplementemia?
genetic decrease
immune complex formation
loss of complement in urine
poor liver function
sequestration of complement in the spleen
immune complex formation
Lupus classically has numerous auto-antibodies, resulting in the formation of macromolecular antigen-antibody complexes, which deposit in the glomeruli and in small vessels, particularly those of the skin. There, they fix complement and damage tissue.
The blood lymphocytes of a 6-month-old child with recurrent, complicated viral and fungal infections do not respond normally to IL-2, IL-4 or IL-7 in vitro. The patient has a single gene mutation that explains all of these findings. Which one of the following is the most appropriate therapy for the immune deficiency of this patient?
Recombinant IL-2
Recombinant IL-3
Hematopoietic Stem cell transplantation
Thymus transplantation
Gene therapy to correct a defective CD3ζ chain gene
Hematopoietic Stem cell transplantation
A. The patient does not respond to IL-2, so there is little rationale for providing this as a treatment.
B. IL-3 might correct a defect in lymphocyte growth, especially from progenitor cells, but there is no evidence the patient lacks lymphocytes. Indeed, the question states that the patient has lymphocytes that simply do not respond.
C. Correct. The description suggests that this patient lacks the ability to respond to three different, but related cytokines. What they share is common are their receptors, each of which has the common γ chain. Thus, this patient probably has SCID secondary to IL-2Rγ chain deficiency. The preferred therapy is stem cell replacement.
D. There is no indication here that the patient has defective thymic function. Indeed, he has sufficient blood lymphocytes to test.
E. Such a deficiency does exist and would give rise to the lack of T cells and recurrent viral and fungal infections. However, the absence of TCR signaling through CD3 should not impair cytokine receptor signaling by IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7. These are independent signaling pathways.
Johnny is an 8-month-old child with recurrent fungal and viral infections. His blood lymphocytes can bind IL-2 or IL-4 in vitro. It has been determined that his parents both carry a genetic mutation in their ZAP-70 genes that would explain Johnny’s disease. In addition to antimicrobial agents to treat his infections, what therapy would you recommend for Johnny?
Thymus transplantation
IVIG and all of the pediatric vaccines
Recombinant IL-2 and recombinant IL-4
Hematopoietic Stem cell transplantation
Besides antimicrobials, there are no effective therapies for this patient.
Hematopoietic Stem cell transplantation
A. There is no evidence here that Johnny’s thymus is defective and the defect in ZAP-70 can explain his presentation.
B. IVIG would not be useful at this age because he his still depending on maternal antibodies. It also would not correct his apparent defect in cellular immunity. Until this is corrected, some of the pediatric vaccines might not be effective.
C. While exogenous IL-2 and IL-4 might seem a logical choice, their short half lives would limit their effectiveness in correcting this immune deficiency.
D. Correct. The only correction to this cellular immune defect is stem cell replacement. One would want to verify that the patient’s T cells also lack functional ZAP-70.
E. There is an effective therapy for this apparent defect in cellular immunity.