Pathology of Pulmonary Infection Flashcards
What types of Microorganism Pathogenicity exist? How invasive it is, infectivity etc
Primary - very invasive and infectious to healthy people Facultative (most common)- A bit of illness needed for invasion to occur Opportunistic -cause infections in immuno compromised host
What does the capacity to resist infection depend on?
State of Host Defence Mechanisms Age of Patient
Give examples of upper respiratory tract infections. Pathology all involves inflammation.
Coryza - common cold Sore throat syndrome Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) Laryngitis Sinusitis Acute Epiglottitis
What causes acute epiglottitis?
Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci Haemophilus influenzae (type b - Hib) Rarely caused by Parainfluenza virus type 4 but other viruses may also be reponsible
Describe the effects of acute epiglottitis
Potentially life threatening, affects children. Swells up and obstructs airway. Causes extreme respiratory difficulty.
Give examples of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Consequences Possible Complications
How do lower respiratory tract infections compare to upper?
More morbidity and mortality rate with lower respiratory tract infections
What are the respiratory tract defence mechanisms?
Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system General immune system -Humoral and cellular immunity Respiratory tract secretions Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’ Cough reflex
Which part of the respiratory tract is sterile?
Lower
Which part of the upper respiratory tract acts as a filter?
Nose
What components of the the upper respiratory tract as a filter?
Hair, moist, mucous and cilia in epithelium.
What is the effect of alveolar macrophages?
Phagocytose, (if they cannot digest) travel towards the ciliary escalator for digestion
Why might the macrophage pass through the alveolar membrane?
To reach Interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes
Where does particle deposition occur?
Deposition on the conducting airways Deposition on the terminal bronchioles/ proximal alveoli
How can the ciliary escalator fail?
Viral infections (influenza) – damage to normal respiratory epithelium – no longer functional or cilia, severe when there is no mucociliary membrane. Common cause of bacterial chest infections.
What are the three ways you can classify pneumonia?
Anatomical, aetiological and microbiological.
What are the Aetiological Classifications of Pneumonia?
Community Acquired Pneumonia (usually treated by GP’s) Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia (more likely to be severe, bacteria more likely to be resistant) Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised (AIDS patients) Atypical Pneumonia (unusual infectious agents) Aspiration Pneumonia (result in the inhalation of gastric content) Recurrent Pneumonia – signal that there is something particularly odd going on)
Which type of pneumonia is usually treated by GP’s?
Community acquired pneumonia
What are the different patterns of pneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar
Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive, Retention, Endogenous Lipid
What does
- A) Bronchopneumonia
- B) Lobar pneumonia
Affect?
A) Both lungs and the bronchi
B) One or more sections or lobes of the lungs