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A2. Respiratory system > Arrhythmias - Therapy > Flashcards

Arrhythmias - Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

–Any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart

•Sinus arrhythmia

•Supraventricular arrhythmia

–Atrial fibrillation

–SVT (junctional)

•Ventricular arrhythmia

–Ventricular tachycardia

–Ventricular fibrillation

•(Heart block)

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2
Q

What is heart block?

A

Heart block is an abnormal heart rhythm where theheart beats too slowly (bradycardia). In this condition, the electrical signals that tell the heart to contract are partially or totally blocked between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles).

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3
Q

How are the electrical signals different in atrial fibrillatino?

A

Electrical signals are disorganised in atrial fibrillation

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4
Q

What is the pathology associated with this ECG?

A

Vntricular fibrillation

Note - P waves are absent

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5
Q

What is the pathology associated with this ECG?

A

Ventricular tachycardia

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6
Q

What is the pathology associated with this ECG?

A

Atrial fibrilaltion

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7
Q

What is responsible for the uneven distribution of ions which accounts for the uneven resting membrane potential?

A

•Sodium-potassium ATPase pump

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8
Q

What causes myocardial muscle to contract?

A

Movement of ions across the myocyte cell membrane - propagation of an electrical impulse - leads to myocardial muscle contraction

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9
Q

What are the different phases of the action potential?

A
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10
Q

What are the different classes of drugs that are used to treat arrhythmias?

A

•Class 1

–Class Ia

–Class Ib

–Class Ic

  • Class II
  • Class III
  • Class IV
  • Other
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11
Q

What are class 1 anti arrhythmic drugs?

A
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12
Q

What is the action of Class 1 a drugs?

A

Block sodium channels

Delay repolarisation

Increase action potential duration

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13
Q

What can class 1 a drugs be used for?

A

AF

Premature atrial/ventricular contractions

Ventricular tachycardia

Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome

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14
Q

Name some class 1 a drugs

A

Disopyramide

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15
Q

What are the actions of 1 b drugs?

A

Block sodium channels

Accelerate repolarization

Decrease the action potential duration

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16
Q

What can class 1 b drugs be used for?

A

Used for ventricular dysrhythmias only (premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

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17
Q

What are the common type 1b drugs?

A

phenytoin, lidocaine

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18
Q

What is the effect of class 1c drugs?

A
  • Block sodium channels (more pronounced effect)
  • Little effect on action potential duration or repolarization
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19
Q

What are class 1 c drugs used for?

A

Severe ventricular dysrhythmias

May be used in atrial fibrillation/flutter

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20
Q

Give an example of a class 1 c drug

A

Flecainide

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21
Q

What are the Class 2 drugs?

A

Beta Blockers

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22
Q

What stage of the heart cycle do beta blockers act on?

A

Phase 4 depolarisation

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23
Q

What is the effect of beta blockers on the transmission of impulses in the heart?

A

Reduces the transmission of impulses in the heart’s conduction system

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24
Q

What type of heart dysrhythmia are beta blocers used for?

A
  • General myocardial depressants for both supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias
  • Now first line for atrial fibrillation (Bisoprolol)
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25
Q

What are examples of beta blockers?

A

Atenolol and Bisoprolol

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26
Q

What are class 3 drugs?

A

Amiodarone and sotalol

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27
Q

What stage of the action potential do amiodarone and sotalol funciton in?

A
  • Increase action potential duration
  • Prolong repolarization in phase 3
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28
Q

What type of dysrhythmia is amiodarone and sotalol used for?

A
  • Used for dysrhythmias that are difficult to treat
  • Life-threatening ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, atrial fibrillation or flutter—resistant to other drugs

Sustained ventricular tachycardia

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29
Q

What are type 4 drugs?

A

Calcium channel blockers

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30
Q

What stage of the actionpotential do calcium channels function in?

A

Depress phase 4 depolarisation

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31
Q

What type of dysrhythmia are CCB’s used for?

A

•Used for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; rate control for atrial fibrillation and flutter

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32
Q

What drugs are Antidysrhythmics but don’t fit into one particular class?

A

Digoxin, adenosine

33
Q

How does digoxin function?

A
  • Inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump
  • Positive inotrope—improves the strength of cardiac contraction
  • Allows more calcium to be available for contraction
34
Q

What is digoxin used for?

A

•Used for heart failure (HFrEF) and atrial dysrhythmias (AF)

35
Q

What are the signs of digoxin toxicity?

A

Yellow glow

‘Reverse tick’ appearance of ST segment in lateral leads

36
Q

What are the effects of digoxin toxicity?

A
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Xanthopsia
  • Bradycardia
  • Tachycardia
  • Arrhythmias: VT and VF
37
Q

What is a common use of digoxin in old people?

A

Rate control

38
Q

What is the treatment of digoxin toxicity?

A

Stop Digoxin

Give digibind if there is a very high risk of significant arrhythmia

(Digoxin toxicity is more serious if potassium levels are low)

39
Q

What is amiodarone used for?

A

•Used for VT and occasionally in supraventricular tachycardia

40
Q

What does amiodarone have side effects with?

A

•Many interactions with other drugs: particularly digoxin

41
Q

What are the side effects of amiodarone?

A

–Thyroid (hypo or hyperthyroidism)

–Pulmonary fibrosis

–Slate – grey pigmentation

–Corneal deposits

–LFT abnormalities

42
Q

How do class 3 drugs work? Including amiodarone

A

Prolong refractoriness

43
Q

How does adenosine work?

A

Slows conduction through the AV node

44
Q

What is adenosine used to treat?

A

Used to convert paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm

45
Q

What can adenosine cause?

A

Aysistole for a few seconds

46
Q

What is a common side effect amongst all antidysrhythmics?

A

Can cause arrhythmias

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q
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51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q

What are indications for anticoagulation?

A

Atrial fibrillation - risk of stroke, peripheral emboli

54
Q

What is the difference between arterial and venous thrombosis?

A

Arterial thrombosis - platelets stick to artery walls - white in colour

(associated with MI, stroke and ischaemia)

Venous Thrombosis - Deveops in stagnant blood flow. Red in colour - associated with congestive heart failure, cancer and surgery

55
Q

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition that causes the heart to beat abnormally fast for periods of time.

56
Q

What are the different types of heart block?

A

TYPE 1 - slowed conduction

TYPE 2 - intermittent conduction failure

TYPE 3 - complete conduction failure

57
Q

Where can heart block occur?

A

Anywhere in the specialized conduction system:

Sino-atrial connections

AV junction

Bundle branches and their fascicles

Purkinje fibers

58
Q

What is sinoatrial arrest?

A

Sinoatrial arrest (also known as sinus arrest or sinus pause) is a medical condition wherein the sinoatrial node of the heart transiently ceases to generate the electrical impulses that normally stimulate the myocardial tissues to contract and thus the heart to beat. It is defined as lasting from 2.0 seconds to several minutes

59
Q

What is an escape rhythm?

A

When a pacemaker other than the sinoatrial node is pacing the heart

60
Q

How can sinus arrest lead to cardiac arrest?

A

If no other pacemaker begins pacing during an episode of sinus arrest

61
Q

What is an ectopic rhythm?

A

An ectopic rhythm is an irregular heart rhythm due to a premature heartbeat. Ectopic rhythm is also known as premature atrial contraction, premature ventricular contraction, and extrasystole.

62
Q

What is a premature atrial contraction?

A

An early heartbeat that originates in the heart’s upper chambers (atria) is a premature atrial contraction (PAC). In healthy children, irregular heartbeats are almost always PACs and are harmless.

63
Q

What is a ventricular premature contraction?

A

When the irregularity comes from the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles), it is called a premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The risk of PVC rises with age. You are at increased risk of PVC if you have a family history of PVC or if you have had a heart attack.

64
Q

What are the causes of ectopic beats?

A
65
Q

What usually follows an ectopic beat?

A

When your heart experiences an early beat, a brief pause usually follows. You generally become aware of it on the next beat, which feels much stronger. It can feel like fluttering, or as though your heart skipped a beat.

66
Q

What is the epidemiology of AF?

A

The prevalence of AF roughly doubles with each advancing decade of age, from 0.5% at age 50–59 years to almost 9% at age 80–89 years.3 Conversely, AF is very uncommon in infants and children, unless concomitant structural or congenital heart disease is present.

67
Q

What are the indications for anticoagulation?

A
  • Atrial fibrillation - reduce stroke risk by 80%
  • DVT/PE
  • After surgery
  • Immobilisation:those at high risk of DVT will get prophylactic dose of anticoagulation
68
Q

What is the third commonest cause of death in the US?

A
69
Q

What is the effect of warfarin?

A

Inhibits the production of active clotting factors

70
Q

What is vitamin K needed for?

A

Blood clotting

71
Q

What drugs increase warfarin activity and why?

A

Aspirin - decrease binding to albumin

Cimetidine and Disulfuram - inhibit degradation

Antibiotics - decreases the synthesis of clotting factors

72
Q

What drugs react with warfarin to promote bleeding and why?

A

Aspirin - inhibition of platelets

Heparin antimetabolites - inhibition of clotting factors

73
Q

What drugs decrease warfarin activity and why?

A

Barbituates, phenytoin

Induction of metabolizing Barbiturate

Enzymes (cytochrome P450)

Vitamin K

Promotes clotting factor synthesis

cholestyramine

Reduces absorption

74
Q

How do you monitor warfarin therapy?

A

INR (international normalised ratio)

75
Q

What are the adverse side effects of warfarin?

A

·Bleeding (dose related)

·Teratogenic (chondrodysplasia)

·Avoid in first and third trimesters

·(Retroplacental bleeding and fetal intracerebral bleeding).

76
Q

What factors are used to assess bleeding risk when on warfarin?

A
77
Q

What are the characteristics of an ideal anticoagulant?

A
78
Q

How do the drugs warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran reduce blood clot formation?

A

Reduces the production of thrombin from prothrombin - thrombin is the enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

79
Q

What is the benefiot of dabigatran over warfarin?

A

Reduces cumulative hazard rates

A2. Respiratory system (77 decks)

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